Figure 5.

Effect of the exogenous application of two NPAAs (GABA and ß-alanine) on the oxidative stress indicators in the leaves of S. sclerotiorum-infected common beans at 72 hpt under greenhouse conditions. (A) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; nmol g⁻¹ FW), (B) superoxide anion (O₂ ^•−; nmol g⁻¹ FW), and (C) Malondialdehyde (MDA; nmol g⁻¹ FW) at 72 hours post-last treatment (hpt). Bars represent the average of six biological replicates (n = 6), whereas whiskers represent the standard deviation (means ± SD). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (p< 0.05).