Table 1.
Characteristics for the modeling and validated cohorts.
| Characteristics | Modeling cohort | Validated cohort | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC (N = 88) | PD (N = 168) | PDs (N = 40) | PD vs. HC | HC vs. PDs | PD vs. PDs | HC (N = 19) | PD (N = 29) | PDs (N = 10) | PD vs. HC | PDs vs. HC | PD vs. PDs | |
| Age (years)a | 64.5 [58.8;69.0] | 67.0 [60.8;72.0] | 67.5 [62.0;73.5] | 0.043 | 0.043 | 0.402 | 68.0 [61.0; 74.0] | 63.0 [62.0; 69.0] | 75.0 [68.2; 78.0] | 0.375 | 0.027 | 0.098 |
| Female (%)b | 49 (55.7%) | 74 (44.0%) | 17 (42.5%) | 0.304 | 0.350 | 1.000 | 13 (68.4%) | 17 (58.6%) | 4 (40.0%) | 0.703 | 0.697 | 0.697 |
| Height (cm)a | 162 (7.02) | 161 (8.30) | 161 (8.90) | 0.693 | 0.676 | 0.863 | 159 (7.03) | 160 (8.61) | 160 (6.40) | 0.849 | 1.000 | 0.912 |
| Weight (kg)a | 63.6 (9.48) | 61.8 (10.3) | 61.8 (9.96) | 0.354 | 0.343 | 0.605 | 62.7 (8.17) | 63.1 (17.5) | 62.8 (8.75) | 0.992 | 0.998 | 1.000 |
| BMIa | 24.3 (2.98) | 23.9 (3.26) | 24.0 (4.40) | 0.643 | 0.619 | 0.866 | 24.7 (2.54) | 24.3 (5.02) | 24.6 (4.31) | 0.947 | 0.985 | 0.997 |
| Education (years)a | 5.00 [0.00;8.00] | 4.00 [0.00;7.00] | 3.00 [0.00;6.25] | 0.835 | 0.835 | 0.835 | 2.00 [0.00; 4.50] | 3.00 [0.00; 8.00] | 2.50 [0.00; 4.00] | 0.576 | 0.576 | 0.962 |
| Smoker (%)b | 13 (14.8%) | 37 (22.0%) | 12 (30.0%) | 0.331 | 0.228 | 0.389 | 1 (5.26%) | 3 (10.3%) | 2 (20.0%) | 1.000 | 0.881 | 0.800 |
| Drinker (%)b | 16 (18.2%) | 42 (25.0%) | 9 (22.5%) | 0.840 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 2 (10.5%) | 4 (13.8%) | 5 (50.0%) | 1.000 | 0.048 | 0.048 |
| HP (%)b | 40 (45.5%) | 56 (33.3%) | 16 (40.0%) | 0.232 | 0.701 | 0.701 | 15 (78.9%) | 9 (31.0%) | 7 (70.0%) | 0.009 | 0.090 | 0.665 |
| DM (%)b | 16 (18.2%) | 29 (17.3%) | 11 (27.5%) | 0.991 | 0.503 | 0.503 | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (13.8%) | 1 (10.0%) | 0.426 | 1.000 | 0.517 |
| Disease history (years)a | - | 3.00 [1.00;7.00] | 2.00 [1.00;4.00] | - | - | 0.003 | - | 4.00 [2.00; 5.00] | 2.75 [1.25; 6.50] | - | - | <0.001 |
| UPDRSa | - | 40.0 [27.0;53.0] | 49.0 [34.5;67.0] | - | - | 0.076 | - | 36.0 [28.0; 52.0] | 62.5 [56.5; 74.2] | - | - | <0.001 |
| Ia | - | 2.00 [1.00;4.00] | 3.00 [2.00;5.00] | - | - | 0.004 | - | 2.00 [1.00; 3.00] | 3.50 [2.00; 6.25] | - | - | <0.001 |
| IIa | - | 11.0 [7.00;16.0] | 13.0 [10.5;18.2] | - | - | 0.051 | - | 11.0 [10.0; 14.0] | 17.5 [13.2; 20.0] | - | - | <0.001 |
| IIIa | - | 24.0 [15.0;35.0] | 30.0 [16.5;39.2] | - | - | 0.302 | - | 23.0 [14.0; 33.0] | 39.5 [27.8; 46.8] | - | - | <0.001 |
| IVa | - | 1.00 [0.00;3.00] | 1.00 [0.00;2.25] | - | - | 0.420 | - | 3.00 [0.00; 5.00] | 3.50 [1.25; 4.75] | - | - | <0.001 |
| H-Y stagea | - | 2.50 [1.50;3.00] | 3.00 [2.00;4.00] | - | - | 0.007 | - | 2.00 [1.50; 2.50] | 3.00 [3.00; 4.00] | - | - | <0.001 |
| MMSEa | 24.0 [21.0;26.0] | 23.0 [18.0;26.0] | 16.0 [11.0;20.8] | 0.126 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 24.0 [20.0; 27.0] | 26.0 [20.0; 28.0] | 17.5 [11.5; 20.0] | 0.899 | 0.061 | 0.061 |
| HAMDa | 3.00 [0.00;5.00] | 5.00 [2.75;9.00] | 5.00 [4.00;9.00] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.440 | 2.00 [0.00; 5.50] | 6.00 [3.00; 9.00] | 7.00 [3.50; 8.50] | 0.022 | 0.884 | 0.034 |
| HAMAa | 4.00 [1.00;7.00] | 8.00 [4.00;13.0] | 8.00 [4.00;11.2] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.809 | 3.00 [0.00; 9.00] | 14.0 [8.00; 17.0] | 7.00 [5.25; 8.75] | <0.001 | 0.036 | 0.152 |
| RBDQ-HKa | 3.00 [1.00;10.0] | 13.0 [3.00;31.0] | 7.00 [2.75;26.2] | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.327 | 5.00 [3.50; 7.50] | 24.0 [8.00; 46.0] | 12.5 [3.75; 38.2] | 0.003 | 0.520 | 0.273 |
| ADLa | 20.0 [20.0;20.0] | 26.5 [21.0;35.0] | 35.5 [26.2;48.2] | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 20.0 [20.0; 20.0] | 22.0 [20.0; 26.0] | 50.5 [31.2; 58.8] | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| PINK1 (ng/mL)a | 77.1 (15.9) | 96.2 (20.0) | 96.4 (20.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 66.6 (4.62) | 74.5 (6.72) | 71.8 (6.10) | <0.001 | 0.438 | 0.076 |
| Asy-no (pg/mL)ac | 2631 (667) | 3352 (645) | 3445 (625) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.701 | 2406 (209) | 2494 (236) | 2574 (209) | 0.381 | 0.595 | 0.141 |
Continuous variables were assessed for normality by PP plot and QQ plot. Data are expressed as mean (SD), median [IQR], or n (%); ap values obtained from One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni corrected post hoc comparisons, and UPDRS and H-Y stage were only compared between PD and PDs by Mann–Whitney U test; bp values obtained from chi-squared test corrected by Bonferroni. HC, Healthy control; PD, Parkinson disease; PDs, Parkinsonian syndrome; Smoker: people who have smoked continuously or cumulatively for 6 months or more throughout their lives; Drinker: people who have drinked continuously or cumulatively for 6 months or more throughout their lives; HP, Hyper blood pressure; DM, Diabetes mellitus; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; HAMA, Hamilton anxiety scale; RBDQ-HK, REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire-Hong Kong; ADL, Activity of daily living scale; BMI, Body mass index; Asy-no, Oligomeric α-syn; PINK1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1. cLess participants took the examination of plasma a-synuclein oligomer levels in the modeling cohort (HC = 83, PD = 137, and PDs = 40).