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. 2024 Apr 22;15:1370564. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370564

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Copyright © 2024 Jangra, Lamoot, Singh, Laghlali, Chen, Ye, García-Sastre, De Geest and Schotsaert

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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QIV formulated in S-Ac7-Dog(SDI) and K-Ac7-Dsa(SDI) LNPs contributes to reduction in IVR-180 virus replication in lungs of vaccinated animals irrespective of combination with IMDQ-PEG-Chol. All unvaccinated and QIV ± IMDQ-PEG-Chol ± S-Ac7-Dog(SDI) or K-Ac7-Dsa(SDI) vaccinated animals were intranasally challenged with 18,000 plaque‐forming units (PFU) of IVR-180 virus per animal. (A) The body weight of each animal in all groups was recorded every day until the day of harvest and represented as percentage of initial body weight for each group (n = 6) (geometric mean ± geometric SD). (B) The viral lung titers were quantified at 5 DPI by plaque assays on pre-seeded MDCK cells and are represented as PFU/mL for n = 6 animals per group (geometric mean ± geometric SD). Each data point represents one animal in the respective group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. The p-values shown are calculated in reference to the unadjuvanted QIV group, which received neither adjuvant nor LNP formulations.