Fig. 2.

Schematic representation of T1D induction and subsequent study protocol in rats. This diagram illustrates the sequential methodology employed in our study. Starting with the induction of T1D using streptozotocin (STZ), we monitored and selected diabetic rats based on specific blood glucose levels (≥250 mg/dL). The study design categorizes rats into four distinct groups, each with varied insulin administration methods, as detailed in Table 1. We then measured bleeding times 1-h post-insulin treatment, employing a precise protocol based on prior research findings. Following overnight fasting and subsequent sacrifice of the rats, various samples were collected. Using these samples, an array of tests was conducted including coagulation profiles, endothelial lysate preparations, thrombocytes counting, cortisol levels, lipid profiling, and markers of oxidative stress. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS.