Fig. 6.

Overview of vascular changes and treatment effects in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. This figure summarizes the key findings of our study: STZ-induced diabetes disrupts the lipid profile, heightening lipid peroxidation and extending bleeding times, leading to a hypercoagulable state and amplified endothelial oxidative stress. Notably, while subcutaneous insulin aggravates these disturbances, oral insulin delivery via nCOF nanoparticles presents a potential solution. This approach mitigates vascular injuries, restores hemostatic balance, averts dyslipidemia, diminishes lipid peroxidation, shields against superoxide buildup in the aorta, and ameliorates the coagulation profile.