Table 1.
Rat groups assigned randomly: insulin administration methods and injected concentrations. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control (C), diabetic control (DC), diabetic treated with subcutaneous insulin (SC Ins, 5 IU.kg−1), and diabetic treated with Oral nCOF/Insulin (OG Ins, 50 IU.kg−1).
| Group | Insulin Administration Method | Dose | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| C (Control) | N/A (Not Applicable) | N/A | Non-diabetic rats serving as a positive control group. |
| DC (Diabetic Control) | N/A (Not Applicable) | N/A | Untreated diabetic rats serving as a negative control group. |
| SC Ins (Subcutaneous insulin) | SC (Subcutaneous injection) | 5 IU.kg−1 | Diabetic rats treated with insulin injections under their skin. |
| OG Ins (Oral nCOF/Insulin) | OG (Oral gavage) | 50 IU.kg−1 | Diabetic rats treated with insulin delivered orally using nCOF nanoparticles. |