Table 1.
Characteristics of the CHS Cognition Study Sample at First Examination (1992–1999)a
| Characteristic | Participants Without DM or APOE ε4 (n=1692) | Participants With Only DM (n=253) | Participants With Only APOE ε4 (n=535) | Participants With DM and APOE ε4 (n=67) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Age, y | 74.97 (4.97) | 74.45 (4.66) | 74.01 (4.42) | 73.34 (4.22) | .003 |
| White race, % | 91.8 | 88.2 | 89.02 | 85.7 | .008 |
| Male sex, % | 40.04 | 51.5 | 36.8 | 57.5 | >.2 |
| Education, y | 12.95 (0.07) | 12.61 (0.18) | 12.91 (0.12) | 12.38 (0.35) | >.2 |
| Never smoked, % | 45.03 | 47.2 | 47.2 | 32.2 | >.2 |
| No alcohol usage, % | 48.12 | 61.69 | 52.06 | 62.88 | .003 |
| Medical history, % | |||||
| Hypertension | 54.5 | 73.4 | 53.7 | 65.4 | .17 |
| Hypertension medication use | 44.7 | 68.2 | 45.6 | 64.98 | .006 |
| Myocardial infarction | 8.9 | 17.4 | 6.2 | 7.7 | >.2 |
| Coronary heart disease | 18.0 | 30.4 | 15.5 | 34.3 | >.2 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.8 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 3.1 | >.2 |
| Stroke | 3.99 | 7.5 | 3.6 | 10.8 | >.2 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 133.57 (0.49) | 138.49 (1.27) | 133.22 (0.87) | 137.03 (2.49) | >.2 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70.23 (0.28) | 68.91 (0.72) | 69.85 (0.50) | 68.31 (1.41) | .17 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 208.84 (0.93) | 200.37 (2.39) | 215.27 (1.65) | 208.67 (4.65) | .02 |
| Ankle-brachial Index | 1.11 (0.004) | 1.08 (0.01) | 1.10 (0.007) | 1.07 (0.02) | .04 |
| Body mass indexc | 26.54 (0.11) | 28.44 (0.27) | 26.07 (0.19) | 28.46 (0.53) | >.2 |
| Serum glucose, mg/dL | 97.64 (0.54) | 164.74 (1.40) | 97.14 (0.96) | 170.0 (2.71) | <.001 |
| Serum insulin, mg/dL | 11.37 (0.45) | 29.61 (1.17) | 10.87 (0.80) | 31.61 (2.26) | <.001 |
| Insulin treatment | 15.4 | 17.8 | <.001 | ||
| Modified MMSE score | 93.30 (0.14) | 92.77 (0.35) | 92.80 (0.24) | 90.84 (0.69) | .001 |
| DSST score | 42.45 (0.29) | 39.16 (0.75) | 41.93 (0.52) | 35.70 (1.46) | .001 |
| CES-D score | 4.68 (0.11) | 5.11 (0.28) | 4.44 (0.19) | 5.46 (0.55) | <.001 |
| Dementia, % | 10.3 | 14.9 | 21.9 | 31.3 | <.001 |
| AD, % | 5.3 | 7.5 | 13.99 | 21.7 | <.001 |
| Mixed AD, % | 2.9 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 13.2 | <.001 |
| VaD, % | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | .93 |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; APOE ε4, ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E genotype; BP, blood pressure; CES-D, the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; DM, diabetes mellitus; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; VaD, vascular dementia.
SI conversion factors: To convert serum glucose and serum insulin to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; and total cholesterol millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Data are mean (SE) unless otherwise noted.
Age-adjusted P values from linear (if the characteristic is continuous) and logistic (if the characteristic is categorical) regression models.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.