Table 3.
Multivariable analyses predicting outcome variables, COVID-19 Coping Study, April-May 2020.
| Depressive symptoms | Presence of anxiety | Loneliness | Social isolation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Rurality | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | 1.04 (0.77, 1.40) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) |
| Age | 0.96 (0.94, 0.97)*** | 0.97 (0.95, 0.98)*** | 0.96 (0.95, 0.98)*** | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)*** |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.71 (1.43, 2.04)*** | 1.43 (1.18, 1.73)*** | 1.33 (1.11, 1.59)** | 0.49 (0.41, 0.59)*** |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.48 (0.33, 0.72)*** | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.81)** | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.65 (0.46, 0.91)* | 0.98 (0.69, 1.40) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) |
| Other race | 0.61 (0.43, 0.87)** | 0.85 (0.59, 1.21) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.58) | 1.83 (1.25, 2.68)** |
| Relationship Status | ||||
| Single, never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single, divorced/separated | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | 1.26 (0.89, 1.78) | 0.35 (0.23, 0.53)*** |
| Single, widowed | 0.87 (0.58, 1.33) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 1.26 (0.85, 1.87) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.41)*** |
| Married or in a relationship | 0.58 (0.42, 0.81)** | 0.77 (0.54, 1.08) | 0.42 (0.31, 0.57)*** | 0.10 (0.07, 0.14)*** |
| Highest Level of Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| High school diploma or equivalency | 1.13 (0.75, 1.69) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.51) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.37) | 0.62 (0.41, 0.95)* |
| Some college or 2-year associate degree | 1.38 (0.91, 2.09) | 1.20 (0.78, 1.83) | 1.48 (0.97, 2.24) | 0.47 (0.31, 0.71)*** |
| Four-year college or university | 1.40 (0.93, 2.12) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 1.21 (0.80, 1.83) | 0.36 (0.23, 0.54)*** |
| Postgraduate or professional degree | 1.24 (0.82, 1.88) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.67) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.67) | 0.33 (0.21, 0.50)*** |
| Self-Rated Health | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Fair | 0.64 (0.40, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.42, 1.15) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.33) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.21) |
| Good | 0.30 (0.19, 0.47)*** | 0.35 (0.22, 0.58)*** | 0.51 (0.30, 0.85)* | 0.64 (0.38, 1.10) |
| Very good | 0.18 (0.11, 0.28)*** | 0.20 (0.12, 0.33)*** | 0.37 (0.22, 0.62)*** | 0.48 (0.28, 0.82)** |
| Excellent | 0.10 (0.06, 0.17)*** | 0.14 (0.08, 0.24)*** | 0.31 (0.18, 0.54)*** | 0.38 (0.22, 0.67)** |
| Had COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes, diagnosed with test (recovered) | 7.06 (1.13, 44.15)* | 4.10 (0.86, 19.55) | 1.21 (0.27, 5.47) | 0.23 (0.04, 1.22) |
| Yes, diagnosed with test (still sick) | 9.70 (2.26, 41.64)** | 3.42 (0.45, 25.67) | 1.78 (0.59, 5.34) | 0.26 (0.05, 1.27) |
| Not diagnosed, but recently had symptom | 1.32 (0.99, 1.74) | 1.51 (1.14, 2.00)** | 1.33 (0.97, 1.83) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.29) |
| COVID-19 Worry | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Slightly | 1.44 (0.82, 2.50) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.85) | 1.61 (0.93, 2.80) | 0.57 (0.37, 0.89)* |
| Somewhat | 1.64 (0.97, 2.78) | 1.72 (0.90, 3.29) | 1.96 (1.15, 3.33)* | 0.61 (0.39, 0.93)* |
| Moderately | 2.05 (1.24, 3.37)** | 2.71 (1.46, 5.06)** | 2.20 (1.32, 3.66)** | 0.50 (0.33, 0.75)** |
| Extremely | 3.53 (2.14, 5.80)*** | 6.22 (3.35, 11.55)*** | 3.51 (2.12, 5.81)*** | 0.58 (0.38, 0.88)* |
N = 6,873. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001.