Table 1.
Characteristics of patients receiving elective orthopedic surgery
| Normal liver enzyme level (N = 448,327) |
Elevated liver enzyme level (N = 29,197) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (%) | N (%) | SMD | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | |||||
| < 65 | 199,061 | (44.4) | 17,168 | (58.8) | 0.291 |
| 65–74 | 153,895 | (34.3) | 8079 | (27.7) | 0.144 |
| 75–84 | 79,165 | (17.7) | 3149 | (10.8) | 0.198 |
| ≥ 85 | 16,206 | (3.6) | 801 | (2.7) | 0.050 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 261,338 | (58.3) | 13,907 | (47.6) | 0.215 |
| Male | 186,989 | (41.7) | 15,290 | (52.4) | 0.215 |
| Functional status | |||||
| Independent | 438,018 | (97.7) | 28,301 | (96.9) | 0.048 |
| Dependent | 10,309 | (2.3) | 896 | (3.1) | 0.048 |
| Obesity | 246,832 | (55.1) | 16,485 | (56.5) | 0.028 |
| Smoking | 52,164 | (11.6) | 5143 | (17.6) | 0.170 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Steroid use | 20,427 | (4.6) | 1394 | (4.8) | 0.010 |
| Ascites | 94 | (0.0) | 60 | (0.2) | 0.055 |
| Ventilator dependent | 57 | (0.0) | 32 | (0.1) | 0.039 |
| Disseminated cancer | 2250 | (0.5) | 390 | (1.3) | 0.087 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 77,525 | (17.3) | 6174 | (21.2) | 0.098 |
| Hypertension | 276,933 | (61.8) | 18,279 | (62.6) | 0.017 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2180 | (0.5) | 221 | (0.8) | 0.034 |
| COPD | 19,466 | (4.3) | 1511 | (5.2) | 0.039 |
| Dialysis | 1652 | (0.4) | 123 | (0.4) | 0.008 |
| Sepsis | 3089 | (0.7) | 529 | (1.8) | 0.101 |
| Operative information | |||||
| Type of surgery | |||||
| Limb amputation | 1949 | (0.4) | 237 | (0.8) | 0.048 |
| Spinal fusion | 30,873 | (6.9) | 2301 | (7.9) | 0.038 |
| Open reduction of fracture | 22,238 | (5.0) | 3504 | (12.0) | 0.255 |
| Hip prosthesis | 140,844 | (31.4) | 8810 | (30.2) | 0.027 |
| Knee prosthesis | 228,504 | (51.0) | 12,510 | (42.9) | 0.163 |
| Laminectomy | 23,919 | (5.3) | 1835 | (6.3) | 0.041 |
| ASA classification | |||||
| 1 | 9872 | (2.2) | 542 | (1.9) | 0.025 |
| 2 | 211,380 | (47.2) | 11,801 | (40.4) | 0.136 |
| 3 | 216,359 | (48.3) | 15,699 | (53.8) | 0.110 |
| 4 or 5 | 10,716 | (2.4) | 1155 | (4.0) | 0.089 |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease