TABLE 3.
Association between urinary tract infections (UTIs) during the periconceptional period and occurrence of all congenital heart defects (CHDs)a stratified by corresponding maternal antibiotic use, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011.
| No antibiotic medication use |
Antibiotic medication use |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No UTI |
UTI |
No UTI |
UTI |
|||
| n | n | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | n | n | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
| Any CHD | 10123c | 775 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 236 | 536 | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) |
| Conotruncal | 2231 | 174 | 1.17 (0.97–1.41) | 129 | 40 | 0.77 (0.50–1.18) |
| Truncus arteriosus | 114 | 13 | 1.88 (0.99–3.57) | 8 | <5 | – |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 1045 | 69 | 1.00 (0.75–1.31) | 70 | 17 | 0.60 (0.32–1.11) |
| d-TGAd | 659 | 57 | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 39 | 8 | 0.43 (0.18–1.06) |
| DORV-TGAe | 173 | 14 | 1.28 (0.70–2.33) | 5 | <5 | – |
| DORV-Other | 106 | 11 | 1.24 (0.59–2.60) | <5 | <5 | – |
| VSD-Conoventricularf | 96 | 8 | 1.51 (0.72–3.17) | <5 | 6 | – |
| AVSD g | 300 | 38 | 1.77 (1.21–2.60) | 24 | 7 | 0.70 (0.27–1.77) |
| TAPVR h | 274 | 12 | 0.69 (0.37–1.28) | 10 | 6 | 1.27 (0.39–4.12) |
| LVOTO i | 1771 | 128 | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 96 | 48 | 1.33 (0.88–2.01) |
| HLHSj | 544 | 49 | 1.39 (1.00–1.92) | 39 | 17 | 1.14 (0.60–2.15) |
| Coarctation of Aorta | 862 | 60 | 1.06 (0.78–1.42) | 42 | 24 | 1.51 (0.85–2.70) |
| Aortic stenosis | 458 | 25 | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | 17 | 6 | 0.87 (0.31–2.48) |
| RVOTO k | 1666 | 125 | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 70 | 29 | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) |
| Pulmonary Atresia | 228 | 17 | 1.04 (0.59–1.81) | 12 | <5 | – |
| PVSl | 1320 | 97 | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 52 | 26 | 1.14 (0.66–1.97) |
| Tricuspid Atresia | 152 | 10 | 0.92 (0.44–1.93) | 9 | <5 | – |
| Ebstein | 160 | 9 | 0.83 (0.40–1.72) | 10 | <5 | – |
| Septal | 3713 | 282 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 189 | 96 | 1.25 (0.90–1.72) |
| VSD-perimembranous | 1295 | 69 | 0.75 (0.57–1.00) | 54 | 22 | 0.90 (0.51–1.60) |
| VSD muscular | 142 | 5 | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) | 7 | <5 | – |
| ASD secundum-NOSm,n | 2371 | 210 | 1.28 (1.07–1.53) | 131 | 70 | 1.37 (0.95–1.98) |
| Single ventricle | 277 | 23 | 1.51 (0.95–2.40) | 20 | 11 | 1.60 (0.68–3.76) |
| Heterotaxy | 298 | 28 | 1.37 (0.89–2.12) | 12 | 9 | 1.52 (0.53–4.36) |
Note: Bold font indicates a statistically significant finding (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Simple, associated and complex.
Adjusted for maternal age, BMI, gestational diabetes during index pregnancy, cigarette smoking, family history of CHDs, fever associated with UTI, and participating study site.
Number of controls for any CHD (in order of columns): 10,253; 673; 198; 497.
Dextro-transposition of Greater Arteries.
Double outlet right ventricle—TGA.
Ventricular septal defect.
Atrioventricular septal defects.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects.
Pulmonary valve stenosis.
Atrial septal defects.
Not otherwise specified.