Fig. 1.

Timeline of hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic dysfunction and aging study. The importance of hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic dysfunction and aging is known for the last few decades. The concept began with the observation of increased inflammatory cytokines level in the hypothalamus of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice by De Souza et al. in 2005. Later studies by several other groups have linked hypothalamic inflammation to hypertension, glucose homeostasis, aging, and diabetes. The ongoing conceptual shifts about our knowledge of hypothalamic inflammation reflect an increasing appreciation that hypothalamic inflammation leads to several pathological and pathophysiological processes despite being a molecular event