Fig. 3.

Overview of reprogrammed glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism in PDAC. Cancer cells regulate biochemical transporters and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways to survive harsh conditions and highly toxic anticancer drugs, and this regulation can confer chemoresistance in PDAC. The arrows indicate shifts or bioconversion, and the plus and minus symbols in the red circle indicate upregulation and downregulation, respectively. GLUTs glucose transporters, SGLTs sodium-dependent glucose transporters, HK hexokinase, G6P glucose 6-phosphate, GPI phosphohexose isomerase, F6P fructose 6 phosphate, PFK1 phosphofructokinase-1; F1,6BP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, ALDO aldolase, TPI triose phosphate isomerase, GA3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate, GAPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1,3-BPG 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, PGK phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-PG 3-phosphoglycerate, PGM phosphoglycerate mutase, 2-PG 2-phosphoglycerate, ENO enolase, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, PK pyruvate kinase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, MCT monocarboxylate transporter, G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6PG 6-phosphogluconate, 6PGD 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, R5P ribose-5-phosphate, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen, GFAT glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase, GlcN-6P glucosamine 6-phosphate, UDP-GlcNAc uridine 5′-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine, OGT O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase, OGA O-GlcNAcase, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase, CS citrate synthase, OAA oxaloacetate, TCA tricarboxylic acid, α-KG α-ketoglutarate, ACLY ATP citrate lyase, ACCA acetyl-CoA carboxylase, FASN fatty acid synthase, SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, SFA saturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, MVA mevalonate, ACAT1 acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase, LDL low-density lipoprotein, LDLR low-density lipoprotein receptor, Gln glutamine, Glu glutamate, Pro proline, Asn asparagine, Asp aspartate, Cys cysteine, Gly glycerine, BCAAs branched chain amino acids, GLS1 glutaminase, GDH glutamate dehydrogenase, GOT glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, POX proline oxidase, ASNS asparagine synthetase, MDH1 malate dehydrogenase, MEI1 malic enzyme, GSH reduced glutathione, GSSG oxidized glutathione