Fig. 2.

Mitochondrial biogenesis overview. a PPARGC1A-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis occurs in response to multiple stimuli leading to the induction of transcriptional coactivator PPARGC1A. This leads to subsequent transcription of mitochondrial biogenesis genes including those of the electron transport chain (ETC), TFAM and TFBM, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). b Mitochondrial biogenesis can also occur independent of PPARGC1A. Transcriptional coactivator PPARGC1B, pyruvate, and dietary activators are among the factors that can induce mitochondrial biogenesis. TF transcription factor