Fig. 1.

SOX11 deficiency caused abnormal polarity in NPCs derived from schizophrenia patients. SOX11 mRNA (A) and the protein (B) in NPC derived from four schizophrenia patients or the paired controls. Error bars, mean ± SEM, n = 4 cultures, *p < 0.05 (Student’s t test). C Formation of neural rosettes by immunostaining of ZO-1 (red) and PAX6 (green). Scale bar, 20 μm. D Percentage of neural rosettes in NPC colonies from C. Error bars, mean ± SEM, n = 4 cultures, **p < 0.01 (Student’s t test). E Neural rosettes and the intensity of SOX11 in the circled NPCs derived from ESCs with either the A/A- or G/G allele. Error bars, mean ± SEM, n = 32 cells, **p < 0.01 (Student’s t test). F Ectopic expression of SOX11 in NPCs differentiated from ESCs with the A/A allele (upper panel) and knockdown of SOX11 in NPCs differentiated from ESCs with the G/G allele. Scale bar, 20 μm. Quantifications of neural rosettes from F. Error bars, mean ± SEM, n = 3 cultures, *p < 0.05, (Student’s t test). G Immunostaining TUJ1 in young neurons differentiated from isogenic ESCs, patients, or the controls. Scale Bar, 20 μm, and the percentage of TUJ1⁺ cells in total DAPI ⁺ cells. Error bars, mean ± SEM, n = 3 cultures, *p < 0.05 (Student’s t test)