Table 2.

Contrast media for multimodality lymphatic imaging

Nanoplatform	Imaging methodology	Lymphatic targeting system	Specific targets	Encapsulation	Disease models	Features	Ref
HPPS	FI	Active targeting via ligands	SR-B1 targeting ligand	DiR-BOA	Lymphoma (E.G7-OVA)	Targeting of mDC and fluorescence trafficking	[67]
Aluminum hydroxide-polymer NPs	FI	Passive targeting		CpG; OVA	Melanoma (B16F10)	Aluminum-based nanoparticles for LN-targeted delivery	[84]
Albumin/MEB nanocomplex	PET-FI	Passive targeting via a self-assembled nanocomplex		CpG; molecular vaccine	Lung metastatic-like tumor via i.v. injection of MC38 cells	Self-assembled nanovaccine with the advantages of facilitated preparation and high lymphatic-targeting efficiency	[86]
Liposome	CT-FI	Active targeting	Negative charge	Lipiodol; DiR-BOA	Murine mammary carcinoma	Direct injection of the lipiodol system for the long-distance mapping of the lymphatic system	[90]
Gold NPs	Bioluminescence Imaging	Cell-mediated trafficking via DCs		CpG; OVA	Adenovirus; lentivirus lung infection	Optimal size determination for lymphatic uptake	[91]
Gold NPs	CT-FI	Cell-mediated trafficking via APCs	CpG ODN as TLR9 ligand	RFP; CpG;	Melanoma	Noninvasive tracking of the nanovaccine with CT	[92]
Fe3O4 NPs	MRI	Cell-mediated trafficking via DCs	ZnO shell	Carcinoembryonic antigen	Colon carcinoma	Noninvasive tracking of the nanovaccine with MRI	[93]
SWCNT	PAI-FI	Passive targeting			4T1 breast tumor model	Imaging-guided PTT	[95]
Gd-doped Au@Prussian blue NPs	MRI-SERS	Cell-mediated trafficking via DCs	OVA			Background-free SERS with insusceptibility and detection sensitivity	[106]
$\alpha$-AP-fmNPs	MRI-FI	Cell-mediated trafficking via DCs	SR-B1 targeting ligand	Antigen peptide; ICG	Lymphoma (E.G7-OVA)	Enhanced migration of DCs via a magnetic pull force	[107]
[64Cu]-labeled PDI NPs	PET- PAI	Passive targeting			U87MG tumor xenograft model	A PET-PAI dual-modality imaging tracer with self-assembly and size-tunable properties	[111]