Fig. 5.

RNA-seq profile of AKG diet administration in AAV-hα-Syn mice. a and b Volcano plot showing the DEGs between AAV-hα-Syn and AAV-GFP, AAV-hα-Syn + AKG, and AAV-hα-Syn. c AKG diet reversed DEGs which were decreased by AAV-hα-Syn compared with AAV-GFP. d The KEGG pathways enriched by the AKG diet reversed DEGs in (c). “Complement and coagulation cascades” pathway is highlighted in red. e The expression of representative DEGs reversed by the AKG diet in AAV-GFP, AAV-hα-Syn, and AAV-hα-Syn + AKG. f and g The mRNA expression levels of C1qa, C1qb, C1qc, and C4b in the AAV-GFP, AAV-GFP + AKG, AAV-hα-Syn, and AAV-hα-Syn + AKG groups. n = 3 per group. h Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of phosphorylated α-synuclein within Iba1-positive cells in the SN of AAV-GFP, AAV-GFP + AKG, AAV-hα-Syn, and AAV-hα-Syn + AKG groups. Scale bars, 40 μm. Magnified images are shown in the bottom row. Scale bars, 10 μm. n = 6–12. i Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of C1q within Iba1-positive cells in the SN of AAV-GFP, AAV-GFP + AKG, AAV-hα-Syn, and AAV-hα-Syn + AKG groups. Scale bars, 40 μm. Magnified images are shown in the bottom row. Scale bars, 10 μm. n = 7–14. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. ^**p < 0.01, ^*p < 0.05 vs. AAV-GFP; ^##p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05 vs. AAV-hα-Syn. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test for post hoc comparisons