Table 2. Occupational characteristics and mental health outcomes of male (N=11,011) and female (N=8,989) participants.
| Total | Male | Female | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories of industry, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Construction | 1,505 (7.5) | 1,259 (11.4) | 246 (2.7) | ||
| Manufacturing | 3,743 (18.7) | 2,618 (23.8) | 1,125 (12.5) | ||
| Electricity, gas, heat supply and water | 124 (0.6) | 101 (0.9) | 23 (0.3) | ||
| Information and communications | 743 (3.7) | 540 (4.9) | 203 (2.3) | ||
| Transport and postal activities | 1,131 (5.7) | 889 (8.1) | 242 (2.7) | ||
| Wholesale and retail trade | 3,315 (16.6) | 1,556 (14.1) | 1,759 (19.6) | ||
| Finance and insurance | 598 (3.0) | 258 (2.3) | 340 (3.8) | ||
| Real estate and goods rental and leasing | 344 (1.7) | 200 (1.8) | 144 (1.6) | ||
| Scientific research, professional and technical services | 711 (3.6) | 443 (4.0) | 268 (1.6) | ||
| Accommodations, eating and drinking services | 1,078 (5.4) | 411 (3.7) | 667 (7.4) | ||
| Living-related and personal services and amusement services | 711 (3.6) | 275 (2.5) | 436 (4.9) | ||
| Education, learning support | 1,060 (5.3) | 430 (3.9) | 630 (7.0) | ||
| Medical, health care and welfare | 2,792 (14.0) | 630 (7.0) | 2,162 (24.1) | ||
| Compound services | 203 (1.0) | 122 (1.1) | 81 (0.9) | ||
| Services, n.e.c. | 1,117 (5.6) | 662 (6.0) | 455 (5.1) | ||
| Government, except elsewhere classified | 825 (4.1) | 617 (5.6) | 208 (2.3) | ||
| Occupation, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Manager | 1,919 (9.6) | 1,745 (15.8) | 174 (1.9) | ||
| Professional | 2,984 (14.9) | 1,540 (14.0) | 1,444 (16.1) | ||
| Technical | 1,357 (6.8) | 1,177 (10.7) | 180 (2.0) | ||
| Clerical | 5,755 (28.8) | 2,054 (18.7) | 3,701 (41.2) | ||
| Production | 2,907 (14.5) | 2,256 (20.5) | 651 (7.2) | ||
| Service | 4,231 (21.2) | 1,718 (15.6) | 2,513 (28.0) | ||
| Others | 847 (4.2) | 521 (4.7) | 326 (3.6) | ||
| Tenure in the company, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| <1 yr | 1,701 (8.5) | 801 (7.3) | 900 (10.0) | ||
| 1–3 yr | 9,744 (48.7) | 4,666 (42.4) | 5,078 (56.5) | ||
| ≥3 yr | 8,555 (42.8) | 5,544 (50.3) | 3,011 (33.5) | ||
| Company size, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤49 persons | 6,736 (33.7) | 3,043 (27.6) | 3,693 (41.1) | ||
| 50–999 persons | 8,123 (40.6) | 4,601 (41.8) | 3,522 (39.2) | ||
| ≥1,000 persons | 5,141 (25.7) | 3,367 (30.6) | 1,774 (34.5) | ||
| Working hours per week, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 20–30 h | 2,925 (14.6) | 960 (8.7) | 1,965 (21.9) | ||
| 30–40 h | 5,582 (27.9) | 2,449 (22.2) | 3,133 (34.9) | ||
| 40–50 h | 8,636 (43.2) | 5,378 (48.8) | 3,258 (36.2) | ||
| 50–60 h | 1,813 (9.1) | 1,402 (12.7) | 411 (4.6) | ||
| ≥60 h | 1,044 (5.2) | 822 (7.5) | 222 (2.5) | ||
| Irregular employment, n (%) | 4,800 (24.0) | 1,211 (11.0) | 3,589 (39.9) | <0.001 | |
| Physical work, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 h | 7,709 (38.5) | 3,913 (35.5) | 3,796 (42.2) | ||
| Less than 1 h | 7,796 (39.0) | 4,323 (39.3) | 3,473 (38.6) | ||
| More than 1 h | 4,495 (22.5) | 2,775 (25.2) | 1,720 (19.1) | ||
| Night work, n (%) | 2,166 (10.8) | 1,457 (13.2) | 709 (7.9) | <0.001 | |
| Telework (≥5 d per week), n (%) | 1,041 (5.2) | 672 (6.1) | 369 (4.1) | <0.001 | |
| K6 score, mean (SD) | 4.8 ± 5.7 | 4.4 ± 5.6 | 5.2 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | |
| Poor mental health (K6 score ≥13), n (%) | 2,271 (11.4) | 1,141 (10.4) | 1,130 (12.6) | <0.001 | |
| Sick leave due to mental health problems, n (%) | 0.386 | ||||
| No long-term sick leaves (> 1 month) or turnover | 19,674 (98.4) | 10,841 (98.5) | 8,833 (98.3) | ||
| Long-term sick leave | 136 (0.7) | 77 (0.7) | 59 (0.7) | ||
| Turnover | 171 (0.9) | 84 (0.8) | 87 (1.0) | ||
| Both long-term sick leave and turnover | 19 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | ||
| Antidepressant use, n (%) | 1,016 (5.1) | 579 (5.3) | 437 (4.9) | 0.204 | |
| Presenteeism (HPQ score ≤40), n (%) | 2,051 (10.3) | 1,260 (11.4) | 791 (8.8) | <0.001 | |
SD: standard deviation; HPQ: World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire.