. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2024 Mar 5;122:105397. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105397

Table 4.

Social engagement and sensory impairment in relation to cognitive impairment

	Hearing^b		Visual^c
Parameter	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence intervals	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence intervals
Sensory impairment only	1.54	(1.45–1.65)	4.10	(3.87–4.35)
Low Social engagement only^a	6.84	(6.60–7.10)	5.58	(5.36–5.82)
Both sensory impairment + low social engagement	11.28	(10.7–11.9)	33.9	(32.2–35.8)
RERI	3.89	(3.62–4.17)	25.2	(23.9–26.6)

Notes: Models adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, ADL limitations, number of medications per week, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia other than Alzheimer’s disease.

Social engagement: low (INDEX OF SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT 0–2) vs high (INDEX OF SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT 3–6) social engagement; cognitive impairment: severe (CPS 5–6) vs. none/mild (CPS 0–2).

N = 318,018. Hearing impairment: moderate/severe (2–3) vs. no impairment (0).

N =321,209. Visual impairment: moderate/severe (2–4) vs. no impairment (0).