Table 1.
Characteristic of included studies.
| Study (Date) | Design | Setting (Length) | Population | Intervention (Providers)† | Patients (Sex, Age)† | Reported Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-hospital studies | ||||||
| Spaite (1990) | RC | USA (1985–1987) |
Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (ALS paramedics) | 16 | Success; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Boyle (1993) | RC | USA (1983–1988) |
Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (air ambulance nurses) | 69 (Sex: 78% M; Age: Mean 22 y) |
Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes complications |
| Xeropotamos (1993) | RC | UK (1991–1992) |
Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (HEMS staff, physicians, surgeons) | 11 (Age: Range 24–64 y) |
Incidence eFONA; success rate; ROSC; clinical outcomes |
| Jacobson (1996) | RC | USA (1990–1994) |
Trauma, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (paramedics) | 50 (Sex: 76% M; Age: Mean 32 y) |
Incidence; success rate; ROSC; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Gerich (1998) | PC | Germany (1993–1997) |
Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (HEMS) | 8 (Sex: 75% M; Age: Mean 40 y) |
Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Thomas (1999) | RC | USA (1995–1997) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (HEMS) | 10 | Incidence; success rate |
| Robinson (2001) | RC | USA (1985–1997) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (nurses, physicians) | 8 | Incidence; success rate |
| Bulger (2002) | RC | USA (1997–1999) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (paramedics) | 30 (Sex: 70% M; Age: Range 18–99 y) |
Incidence; clinical outcomes |
| Germann (2009) | RC | USA (1998–2006) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (paramedics, registered nurses) | 6 (Sex: 100% M) |
Incidence; success rate |
| Warner (2009) | PC | USA (2001–2005) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (paramedic, critical-care, advanced paramedics) | 11 | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Wang (2011) | RC | USA (2008–2008) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (standard paramedic physicians, surgeons) | 88 (Sex: 75%M) |
Incidence; success rate; complications |
| Shapey (2012) | RC | UK (2003–2010) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (paramedics, doctors, HEMS) | 16 | Incidence; ROSC; complications |
| Kamiutsuri (2013) | RC | Japan (2004–2011) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (physicians) | 13 | Incidence; success rate |
| Brown (2014) | RC | USA (2007–2009) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric, needle cric (HEMS, paramedics, nurses) | 35 | Incidence; success rate |
| Prekker (2014) | RC | USA (2006–2011) | NA | Surgical cric, needle cric (paramedics) | 30 | Incidence; ROSC; clinical outcomes |
| Diggs (2014) | RC | USA (2012–2012) | NA | Surgical cric, needle cric (paramedics) | 1,332 | Incidence; success rate |
| Peters (2015) | RC | Netherlands (2007–2012) | NA | Surgical cric (HEMS physicians, paramedics, nurses) | 19 | Incidence |
| Peters (2015) | RC | Netherlands (2007–2013) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (anaesthesiologists, HEMS physicians, surgeons) | 29 (Sex: 80% M) |
Incidence; ROSC; clinical outcomes |
| Sunde (2015) | PC | Multicentre (2012–2013) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (HEMS physicians, paramedics) | 6 | Incidence |
| Gellerfors (2018) | RC | Multicentre (2015–2016) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric (physicians, nurses) | 14 | Incidence |
| Schober (2019) | RC | Netherlands (2011–2018) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric, needle cric (HEMS) | 18 | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Aziz (2021) | RC | UK (2000–2019) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (physicians, paramedics) | 72 | Incidence; success rate |
| Himmler (2023) | RC | USA (2008–2020) | Medical, Surgery | Surgical cric | 95 | Incidence |
| Malkan (2023) | RC | USA (2007–2020) | Trauma | Surgical cric | 251 (Sex: 98% M; Age: Median 25 y) | Incidence; clinical outcomes; complications |
| In-hospital setting | ||||||
| McGill (1982) | RC | USA (1977–1980) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (ER physicians, surgeons) | 38 (Age: Average 41 y) |
Incidence; clinical outcomes; |
| Erlandson (1989) | RC | USA (1981–1985) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (ER physicians, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 39 | Incidence; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Delaurier (1990) | RC | USA (1984–1988) | Trauma | Surgical cric (ER physicians) | 34 | Clinical outcomes; complications |
| Gillespie (1999) | RC | USA (1993–1998) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric, tracheostomy (ER physicians, surgeons) | 35 (Sex: 69% M; Age: Mean 50 y) |
Success rate; complications |
| Isaacs (2001) | RC | USA (1996) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric | 27 (Sex: 70% M; Age: Range 20–81 y) | Clinical outcomes; complications |
| Bair (2002) | RC | USA (1998–2001) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric, needle cric, tracheostomy (ER physicians surgeons) | 44 | Incidence |
| Wong (2008) | PC | Singapore (2000–2006) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, tracheostomy (ER physicians, anaesthesiologists, Surgeons) | 7 | Incidence; success rate |
| Cook (2011) | RC | UK (2008–2009) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric, tracheostomy (ER physicians, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 75 (Sex: 58% M) | Incidence; success rate; complications |
| NAP4 (2011) | PC | UK (2008–2009) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (ER physicians, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 58 | Incidence; success rate clinical outcomes; complications |
| Beshey (2014) | RCT | Egypt (2011–2011) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric | 169 (Percutaneous cricothyroidotomy = 85 and Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy = 84); (Age: Mean 46 ± 32 y) | Incidence; success rate; complications |
| Rosenstock (2016) | RC | Denmark (2008–2014) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 27 (Sex: 78% M; Age: Mean 57 y) | Incidence; success rate; complications |
| Darby (2018) | RC | USA (2008–2012) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (physicians, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 22 (Sex: 77% M; Age: Mean 61 ± 11) | Incidence; success rate; Clinical outcomes; Complications |
| Kwon (2019) | RC | Korea (2007–2018) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric (ER, ENT) | 23 (Sex: 78% M; Age: Mean 63 y) | Success rates; ROSC; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Alkhouri (2020) | RC | Australia, New Zealand (2010–2015) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, tracheostomy (ER-physicians, intensivists, anaesthetists, GP) | 15 (Sex: 93% M; Age: Mean 54 y) | Complications |
| Willinge (2021) | RC | Netherlands (2013–2018) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (surgeons) | 52 (Age: Median 54 y) | Complications |
| Okada (2022) | RC | Japan (2012–2020) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric, tracheostomy (physicians) | 31 (Sex: 74% M; Age: Median 53 y) | Incidence; clinical outcomes; complications |
| George (2022) | RC | USA (2009–2019) | Trauma | Surgical cric | 51 (Sex: 77% M; Age: Average 45 ± 19 y) | Incidence; clinical outcomes |
| Jansen (2023) | RC | Germany (2014–2019) | In-hospital emergencies | Surgical cric | 8 | Incidence |
| Arora (2023) | RC | India (2021–2022) | Medical | Needle cric, tracheostomy | 17 (Sex: 41% M; Age: Mean 64 y) | Clinical outcomes |
| Offenbacher (2023) | RC | USA (2016–2018) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric | 49 (Sex:80% M; Age: Median 41 y) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes |
| In-hospital/pre-hospital settings | ||||||
| Nugent (1991) | RC | USA (1987–1989) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric (HEMS-nurses) |
55 (Sex: 78% M; Age: Range 9–76 y) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Salvino (1993) | RC | USA (1988–1991) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics, HEMS-nurses and paramedics, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 30 (Sex: 90% M) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Hawkins (1995) | RC | USA (1989–1993) | Trauma | Surgical cric(ER-physicians) | 66 | Incidence; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Bair (2003) | RC | USA (1995–2000) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (HEMS, ER-physicians, surgeons) |
50 | Incidence; success rate; complications |
| McIntosh (2008) | RC | USA (1995–2004) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (paramedics, HEMS-nurses, and paramedics) |
17 | Incidence; success rate clinical outcomes; complications |
| Graham (2011) | RC | USA (1995–2010) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric | 94 (Sex: 94% M) | Success rate; ROSC; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Paix (2012) | Case series | Australia (1992–2011) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric | 24 (Sex: 88% M) | Success rate; complication |
| King (2012) | RC | USA (2000–2010) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics, ER-physicians, surgeons) | 54 (Sex: 80% M; Age: Mean 50 ± 15) | Complications |
| Katzenell (2013) | RC | Israel (1997–2010) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics, physicians) | 46 | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes. |
| High (2018) | RC | USA (2006–2015) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric (HEMS) | 13 (Sex: 75% M) | Incidence; success rate |
| Duggan (2018) | RC | Multicentre (2016–2017) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric, needle cric, tracheostomy (paramedics; ER-physicians, anaesthesiologists, surgeons) | 99 (Sex: 74% M) | Success rate |
| Morocco (2021) | Case series | USA (2010–2020) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics, surgeons) | 12 (Sex: 92% M; Age: Average 43 y) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Battlefield | ||||||
| Leibovici (1997) | RC | Israel (1991–1995) | Trauma | Surgical cric | 29 (Age: Median 20 ± 6 y) | Success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Adams (2008) | PC | Iraq (2005–2007) | Trauma, Medical, CA | Surgical cric | 17 (Sex: 95% M) | Incidence; success rate; complications |
| Mabry (2012) | RC | Iraq, Afghanistan (2007–2009) | Trauma | Surgical cric | 72 (Sex: 96% M) | Success rate; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Lairet (2012) | PC | Afghanistan (2009–2011) | NA | Surgical cric | 15 | Incidence; complications |
| Barnard (2014) | RC | Afghanistan (2009–2013) | Trauma | Surgical cric (ground and flight-medics) | 34 (Sex: 97% M; Age: median 24y) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes |
| Pugh (2015) | RC | Afghanistan (2013–2013) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics) | 14 | Incidence; clinical outcomes; complications |
| Schauer (2015)* | RC | USA (2010–2012) | Trauma | Surgical cric (military-physicians and physician-assistants) | 32 (Age: Range ]36–56 y [) | Incidence; clinical outcomes |
| Tobin (2015) | RC | Afghanistan (2010–2010) | Trauma, CA | Surgical cric, tracheostomy (military personnel, HEMS- critical care team). |
42 | Incidence |
| Kyle (2016) | RC | Afghanistan (2006–2014) | Trauma | Surgical cric (general medic, medical emergency response team, combat EMT) | 86 (Sex: 100% M; Age: Median 25 y) | Success rate; clinical outcomes |
| Schauer (2018) | RC | Iraq, Afghanistan (2007–2016) | Trauma | Surgical cric | 230 (Afghanistan = 178 and Iraq = 52); (Sex: Iraq: 96% M; Afghanistan: 99% M) | Clinical outcomes; complications |
| Benov (2019) | RC | Israel, Syria (2013–2017) | Trauma, Medical | Surgical cric | 30 (Male:93%; Age: Median 24 y) | Incidence; success rate |
| Hudson (2020) | RC | Afghanistan (2008–2014) | Trauma | Surgical cric, tracheostomy | 85 (Sex: 98% M; Age: Median 25 y IQR [23–30]) | Incidence; clinical outcomes. |
| Beit ner (2021) | RC | Israel (1998–2018) | Trauma | Surgical cric (paramedics, ER-physicians) | 153 (Age: Mean 27 y) | Incidence; success rate; clinical outcomes |
Key: ALS – Advanced Life Support, CA – cardiac arrest, Cric – cricothyroidotomy, EMT – Emergency medical technician, ENT – Ear-Nose-Throat surgeon, ER – emergency room, GP – General practitioner (primary care doctor), HEMS – Helicopter Emergency Medical Services, HRQoL – Health-related quality of life), M – Male, PC – prospective cohort RC – retrospective cohort-Year.
†
Provider/Age/sex information reported where available.