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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 7.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2023 Sep 7;321(1):20–32. doi: 10.1111/imr.13271

Figure 2. Strategies to enhance immunogenic cell death induced by RT.

Figure 2.

Depending on multiple variables, radiation therapy (RT) may kill cancer cells in the context of suboptimal immunostimulation, resulting in a variant of regulated cell death (RCD) with limited immunogenicity. A number of strategies have been investigated to circumvent these defects and restore superior immunogenic cell death (ICD)-driven adaptive immune responses against non-irradiated or radioresistant cancer cells. APC, antigen-presenting cell; ATR, ATR serine/threonine kinase; CD39 (official name: ENTPD1), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1; CASP3, caspase 3; CD73 (official name: NT5E), 5’-nucleotidase ecto; CD137 (official name: TNFRSF9), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; mAb, monoclonal antibody; OX40 (official name: TNFRSF4), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4; PD-1 (official name: PDCD1), programmed cell death 1, PD-L1 (official name: CD274); TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TREX1, three prime repair exonuclease 1.