Table 3.

Results of data analysis

Theme	Categories	Subcategories	Examples of codes
Delegation of care, a double-edged sword	Insourcing of care	Seeking assistance from colleagues in the same shift	Seeking assistance from a colleague with a lower workload Seeking assistance from a colleague with more stable patients Seeking assistance from a more experienced colleague
		Seeking assistance from the head nurse	Seeking assistance from the head nurse for changing the dressing of orthopedic patients Seeking assistance fromthe head nurse for perform the care that the nurse is not skilled at Seeking assistance from the head nurse for changing the colostomy bag
		Delegating care to colleagues on the next shift	Delegation of the patient’s dressing to the next shift Delegation of the medication to the next shift
	Outsourcing of care	Patient transfer to other units	Transfer of patients with stable condition to another unit Transfer of patient with unstable condition to another unit
		Demand for extra nursing workforce	Requesting nursing workforce from other units Requesting nursing workforce from the nursing office Requesting for temporary nursing staff
	Delegating of care to non-professionals	Delegating care to nurse assistant	Requesting the nurse assistant to do an electrocardiography Requesting the nurse assistant to perform a gavage Delegating the patient out of bed to the nurse assistant without the nurse’s supervision
		Delegating care to nursing students in the internship course	Delegating drug therapy to an inexperienced student Delegating the preparation of drugs to the inexperienced student Delegating unsupervised oxygen therapy to a nursing student
		Delegating care to the patient’s family	Delegating of gavage to the patient’s family The patient’s change position by the patient’s family Disconnecting and reconnecting the IV drip by patient’s family