TABLE I.
Baseline Characteristics of the Matched Cohort
| Variable | Patients with COVID-19 without TTSa (n = 508) | Patients with COVID-19 and TTSa (n = 170) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 68.93 (15.89) | 68.94 (12.99) | .99 |
| Sex, No. (%) | .62 | ||
| Male | 195 (38.4) | 61 (35.9) | |
| Female | 313 (61.6) | 109 (64.1) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Race, No. (%) | .85 | ||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 22 (4.3) | 8 (4.7) | |
| Black | 60 (11.8) | 22 (12.9) | |
| Hispanic | 89 (17.5) | 25 (14.7) | |
| Native American | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| White | 319 (62.8) | 107 (62.9) | |
| Other | 12 (2.4) | 4 (2.4) | |
| Unknown | 6 (1.2) | 4 (2.4) | |
| Patient location, No. (%) | .99 | ||
| “Central” counties of metropolitan areas with populations of ≥1 million people | 172 (33.9) | 60 (35.3) | |
| “Fringe” counties of metropolitan areas with populations of ≥1 million people | 139 (27.4) | 42 (24.7) | |
| Counties in metropolitan areas with populations of 250,000-999,999 people | 77 (15.2) | 27 (15.9) | |
| Counties in metropolitan areas with populations of 50,000-249,999 people | 46 (9.1) | 15 (8.8) | |
| Micropolitan counties | 42 (8.3) | 14 (8.2) | |
| Nonmetropolitan or micropolitan counties | 28 (5.5) | 11 (6.5) | |
| Not reported | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | |
| Mean household income, No. (%) | .87 | ||
| $1-$42,999 | 115 (22.6) | 40 (23.5) | |
| $43,000-$53,999 | 169 (33.3) | 55 (32.4) | |
| $54,000-$70,999 | 144 (28.3) | 43 (25.3) | |
| $71,000 or more | 75 (14.8) | 30 (17.6) | |
| Unknown | 5 (1.0) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Primary payer, No. (%) | .49 | ||
| Medicare | 338 (66.5) | 111 (65.3) | |
| Medicaid | 56 (11.0) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Private insurance, including health maintenance organizations | 93 (18.3) | 35 (20.6) | |
| Self-pay | 9 (1.8) | 4 (2.4) | |
| No charge | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 12 (2.4) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hospital type, No. (%) | .98 | ||
| Rural | 44 (8.7) | 14 (8.2) | |
| Urban nonteaching | 75 (14.8) | 26 (15.3) | |
| Urban teaching | 389 (76.6) | 130 (76.5) | |
| Hospital region, No. (%) | .99 | ||
| Northeast | 101 (19.9) | 36 (21.2) | |
| Midwest | 169 (33.3) | 55 (32.4) | |
| South | 148 (29.1) | 49 (28.8) | |
| West | 90 (17.7) | 30 (17.6) | |
| Hospital size, by No. of beds, No. (%) | .97 | ||
| Small | 116 (22.8) | 38 (22.4) | |
| Medium | 103 (20.3) | 36 (21.2) | |
| Large | 289 (56.9) | 96 (56.5) | |
| Patient comorbidities, No. (%) | |||
| Smoking | 147 (28.9) | 50 (29.4) | .98 |
| Hypertension | 152 (29.9) | 56 (32.9) | .52 |
| Diabetes | 202 (39.8) | 69 (40.6) | .92 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 261 (51.4) | 83 (48.8) | .63 |
| Obesity | 122 (24.0) | 40 (23.5) | .98 |
| Anxiety | 117 (23.0) | 41 (24.1) | .85 |
| Depression | 91 (17.9) | 29 (17.1) | .89 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 33 (6.5) | 10 (5.9) | .92 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 122 (24.0) | 39 (22.9) | .86 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 122 (24.0) | 41 (24.1) | .99 |
| Anemia | 157 (30.9) | 49 (28.8) | .68 |
| Cancer | 21 (4.1) | 6 (3.5) | .90 |
TTS, takotsubo syndrome.
P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant.
a
Total percentages may exceed 100% due to rounding.