Figure 1.

Interoceptive pathways, adapted from Damasio & Carvalho (2013),⁶ involve two main routes that run alongside for conveying information from the body’s internal environment to the central nervous system; lamina I and vagus.

Note: Adapted from Damasio A, Carvalho GB. The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(2):143–152, Springer Nature.⁶

Abbreviations: PAG, periaqueductal grey; SC, superior colliculus; AP, area postrema; PBN, parabrachial nucleus; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius.