|
Authors
|
Year
|
Actors
|
Intervention
|
Results
|
|
Outcome: Increased participation in protection, conservation and/or ecosystem services on privately-owned rural lands
|
| Adams et al. |
2012 |
Private land managers |
Financial stewardship program |
Compared potential costs of required actions to financial payment. Estimated $AU1million/year needed to cover 90% of catchment area |
| Ambrose et al. |
2006 |
Landowners and managers |
Awareness and management program for riparian land |
19% of participants learnt new information, 21% likely to implement change, 100% with frequent interactions learnt new information compared to 70% with little interaction. Diverse interactions led to altered management. |
| Czap et al. |
2019 |
Farmers |
Recruitment letters for participation in Conservation Stewardship program |
Personalised letter with hand-written phrase better than personalised all standard typed which was better than photocopied letter and no letter |
|
Outcome: Increased participation in protection, conservation, restoration and / or resource management of natural environment on public lands
|
| Pillemer et al. |
2017 |
Older adult volunteers |
Retirees in Service to the Environment program |
Successful in recruiting new individuals and providing substantial hours of volunteer time to communities. Program satisfaction high and positive outcomes from participation |
| Popp et al. |
2020 |
Indigenous locals |
Indigenous Guardianship monitoring and management programs |
Enhances monitoring and management initiatives with inclusion of indigenous participation, knowledge and local information |
|
Outcome: Enhanced connection to nature and / or environmental stewardship values, attitudes and capacity
|
| Aguilar et al. |
2008 |
3rd-5th grade students |
School gardening program |
Both treatment and control developed positive attitudes and locus of control related to environment. Differences between previous garden experiences, gender and ethnicity. |
| Andrejewski |
2012 |
5th grade students |
Outdoor school program |
Treatment showed increase nature connections, ecological knowledge, stewardship behaviour compared with control |
| Baird et al. |
2020 |
General public |
Outdoor Experiential NOLS course |
Affirms NOLS environmental ethic: connection to nature leads to environmental concern and protection which engenders positive pro-environmental intentions |
| Ballard et al. |
2017 |
Youth |
Coastal program and water quality monitoring program |
Each project developed different aspects of environmental science agency (understanding of environmental science, inquiry practices, identification with these practices and developing belief in importance of ecosystem) |
| Cudworth |
2020 |
Children |
Forest School programs |
Involvement promoted reconnection to nature, benefited well-being and promoted pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour |
| Ernst |
2017 |
Families |
Nature play programs at zoos and aquariums |
Involvement helped overcome barriers to spending time in nature |
| Gallay et al. |
2016 |
Rural students |
Place-based stewardship education |
Significant increase in environmental awareness and behaviours, community attachment, confidence for action and increase in commitment |
| Griffin et al. |
2016 |
High school students |
Wildlife Conservation Camp |
Moderate to large increase in knowledge and conservation interest, major influence on course of life career choice |
| Merenlender et al |
2016 |
General public volunteers |
Naturalist programs covering weed management and habitat restoration |
Participants increased knowledge about ecosystems, greater confidence in conservation and continued engagement in citizen science |
| Pitt et al. |
2019 |
Secondary school students |
Forest Service citizen science projects |
Programs incorporating both science and environmental education created ecological literacy among participants |
| Powell et al. |
2018 |
Youth (8–13 years old) |
Junior Ranger program |
Immediate influences om awareness, interest and cognitive engagement which has influence on intentions and behaviour |
| Schwass et al. |
2021 |
Participants |
Outward Bound expeditions |
Positive association between exposure to nature and increased sense of connection and stewardship towards nature, change in values, lifestyle choice and inspire action to improve state of environment |
| Stern et al. |
2008 |
Participants |
Residential Environmental Education program |
Positive short-term effects on connection to nature, interest in learning and discovery, awareness of biodiversity and conservation lands, need for stewardship. Larger courses enhances outcomes |
|
Outcome: Direct benefit to environment
|
| Ramirez-Reyes et al. |
2018 |
Landholders |
Reduction in deforestation and forest fragmentation offered by Payment for Ecosystems Services |
Payment reduced total area of deforestation and fragmentation but may have increased incentive for landholders to hide deforestation in ways that increased fragmentation and habitat loss |
| Still & Byfield |
2010 |
Landholders |
Protection of endangered plant species offered by Environmental Stewardship programs |
Entry level program only had potential to protect 15% of plant species while higher level program had potential for 89% of species. Complex requirements of many rare plants outside of both programs scope |
