Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analysis of complications in preoperative tumor embolization.
| Variate | Occurrence of complication | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes = 9 (9.7) n (%) |
No = 84 (90.3) n (%) |
p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age (Med [IQR]) (years) | 57 [48, 66] | 65 [50, 73] | 0.377 | ||
| Male (%) | 6 (66.7) | 33 (38.3) | 0.158 | ||
| Preoperative mRS 3–5 | 1 (11.1) | 7 (8.3) | 0.572 | ||
| Hypertension | 6 (66.7) | 30 (35.7) | 0.084 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 (33.3) | 8 (9.5) | 0.070 | 4.972 (0.920–26.88) | 0.063 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3 (33.3) | 18 (21.4) | 0.417 | ||
| Tortuous access route | 4 (44.4) | 10 (11.9) | 0.027 | 6.277 (1.338–29.457) | 0.020 |
| Type 3 aortic arch | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.0) | 0.999 | ||
| Blood test results (mean ± SD) | |||||
| Hb | 14.16 ± 1.18 | 13.76 ± 1.53 | 0.454 | ||
| Plt | 23.30 ± 4.79 | 24.02 ± 6.02 | 0.731 | ||
| Cre (Med [IQR]) | 0.83 [0.68, 1.04] | 0.685 [0.60, 0.78] | 0.050 | 1.144 (0.612–2.140) | 0.674 |
| eGFR (Med [IQR]) | 70.1 [54.0, 80.3] | 74.5 [66.3, 85.9] | 0.264 | ||
| Two or more embolization sessions | 3 (33.3) | 32 (38.1) | 0.999 | ||
| Provocation test | 0 (0.0) | 18 (21.4) | 0.198 | ||
| Using distal access catheter | 5 (55.6) | 28 (33.3) | 0.272 | ||
| Using flow guide microcatheter | 5 (55.6) | 43 (51.2) | 0.999 | ||
| Distance between tumor and catheter tip within 10 mm | 4 (44.4) | 30 (35.7) | 0.720 | ||
| Symptomatic | 6 (66.7) | 59 (70.2) | 0.999 | ||
| Embolic materials | 0.999 | ||||
| Liquid material | 5 (55.6) | 42 (50.0) | |||
| Particles | 4 (44.4) | 42 (50.0) | |||
| Particles in size (μm) | 0.234 | ||||
| 100–300 | 0 (0.0) | 19 (22.6) | |||
| 300–500 | 4 (44.4) | 23 (27.4) | |||
| Type of tumors | |||||
| Meningioma | 7 (77.8) | 70 (83.3) | 0.650 | ||
| SFT/HPC | 0 (0.0) | 7 (8.3) | 0.999 | ||
| Hemangioblastoma | 2 (22.2) | 7 (8.3) | 0.209 | ||
| Deep-seated location | 2 (22.2) | 41 (48.8) | 0.170 | ||
| Tumor volume (Med [IQR]) (mm3) | 11487.8 [8921.0, 23854.1] | 23095.5 [12902.35, 38196.2000] | 0.157 | ||
| Target vessels | |||||
| ECA | 7 (77.8) | 74 (88.1) | 0.327 | ||
| ICA | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0.999 | ||
| VA | 2 (22.2) | 8 (9.5) | 0.248 | ||
| General anesthesia | 2 (22.2) | 8 (9.5) | 0.248 | ||
| Procedure time in tumor embolization (Med [IQR]) | 90 [67, 93] | 105 [85, 130] | 0.148 | ||
| Result of embolization* | |||||
| Complete disappearance | 1 (11.1) | 7 (8.4) | 0.576 | ||
| More than 60% disappearance | 7 (77.8) | 51 (61.4) | 0.477 | ||
*One missing value.
ECA: external carotid artery; ICA: internal carotid artery; Med [IQR]: median [interquartile range]; mRS: modified Rankin Scale; SFT/HPC: solitary fibrous tumor/ hemangiopericytoma; VA: vertebral artery