Table 3.
Functions of composite hydrogels in the treatment of diabetic wound healing (2020 to date).
| Publication year | Cell type releasing EXOs | Hydrogels | Anti-inflammatory effect | Antibacterial effect | Angiogenesis | Antioxidant effect | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | CBSCs | PF-127 hydrogel | inflammatory cell infiltration ↓ | unknown | TGFβ-1 ↑, VEGF ↑ | unknown | (130) |
| 2022 | M2Φ | HA-based hydrogels composed of MnO2 and FGF-2 | unknow | + | angiogenic ability ↑ | ameliorated ROS damage | (127) |
| 2022 | ADSCs | ADSC-exo@MMP-PEG smart | unknow | unknown | CD31 and α-SMA ↑, re-epithelialization and collagen deposition ↑ | ROS level ↓ | (131) |
| 2022 | HUVECs | GelMA/PEGDA@T+exos MNs patch | unknow | unknown | angiogenesis ↑ | unknown | (132) |
| 2022 | BMSCs | carboxyethyl chitosan -dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel | skewing macrophage M1 to M2 phenotype | + | Angiogenesis ↑, VEGF-mediated signaling pathways ↑ | unknown | (133) |
| 2022 | ESCs | Gel-VH-EVs | unknow | unknown | angiogenesis ↑, HIF-1α-mediated pathway ↑ | unknown | (134) |
| 2023 | ADSCs | hydrogel loaded with 4-Arm-PEG-Thiol, Ag+, exosomes, CNTs, and metformin hydrochloride | IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓, ICAM and VCAM ↓ | + | density and quantity of blood vessels ↑ | ROS and mtROS production ↓ | (135) |
| 2023 | M2Φ | hydrogel combined with bioactive M2-Exos and gold nanorods | proinflammatory cytokines ↓ | + | CD31+ ↑, vascular network formation ↑ | SOD1 ↑, PRDX2 ↑ | (136) |
| 2023 | ADSCs | extracellular matrix hydrogel | TNF-α ↓, IL-6 ↓ | unknow | collagen deposition ↑, skin regeneration ↑, blood vessel numbers ↑ | unknown | (136) |
| 2023 | PMN | VEGF-aPMNEM-ECM hybrid hydrogel | M1 macrophage transform to M2 macrophage ↑ | + | number of blood vessels↑ | unknown | (40) |
| 2023 | ADSCs | GelMA-Exo hydrogels | unknow | unknow | proliferation, invasion, and tube formation ↑ | unknown | (137) |
| 2023 | HUVECs | ADM Fe3+@PA-Exos/GelMA | IL-1β ↓ | + | proliferation and migration impairment ↓ | SOD and GSH-Px activity ↑ | (138) |
| 2023 | HUVECs | hypoxic exosomes-loaded HGM-QCS hydrogels | IL-6 ↓, TNF-α ↓,ICAM-1↓, SELE ↓, VCAM-1 ↓, M2 polarization ↑ | + | collagen deposition ↑, angiogenesis ↑ | ROS level ↓ | (139) |
| 2024 | Umbilical cord blood | UCB-Exos into an ABA-type amphiphilic hydrogel | unknow | unknow | proliferation and tube formation ↑ | unknown | (140) |
| 2024 | Whole blood | P-Exos-loaded CMC hydrogeL | unknow | unknow | angiogenesis ↑, VEGF mediated signaling pathways ↑ | unknown | (141) |
| 2024 | hUC-MSCs | hydrogel composed of chitosan nanoparticles, MSC- derived, BG, and TiO2 | TGF-β and IL-10 ↑, TNF-α ↓, IL-1β ↓, IL-6 ↓ | + | enhanced angiogenesis of ECs by targeting VEGFA and VEGFR2 | unknown | (142) |
M2Φ, M2 macrophages; ADSCs, adipose-derived stem cells; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells; ESCs, embryonic stem cell; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophils; hUC-MSCs, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; MnO2, manganese dioxide; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; PEG, polyethylene glycol; GelMA, gelatin methacryloyl; PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ICAM, intercellular cell adhesion molecule; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; IL-1β, interleukin—1β; ICAM-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; IL-10, interleukin-10; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; CD31, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; SOD1, recombinant superoxide dismutase 1; PRDX2, peroxiredoxin-2; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; SOD, recombinant superoxide dismutase.