Table 2.

Mental health (PHQ-9) disparity across factors.

Factor	Mean	Mean ± SD	F-statistic	p-value
Gender
Male	1.68	1.68 ± 3.25	55.89	***
Female	2.73	2.73 ± 4.05
Age
65–69	2.23	2.23 ± 3.80	2.49
70–74	2.07	2.07 ± 3.44
75–79	2.65	2.65 ± 4.09
80 +	2.50	2.50 ± 4.08
Number of household members
One	3.07	3.07 ± 4.48	13.51	***
Two	2.03	2.03 ± 3.42
Three	1.99	1.99 ± 3.55
Four +	2.06	2.06 ± 3.59
Marital status
Married	2.25	2.25 ± 3.71	8.28	**
Not married	4.62	4.62 ± 7.73
Education
No formal education	2.70	2.70 ± 4.18	18.82	***
6 years	2.14	2.14 ± 3.44
7–12 years	1.82	1.82 ± 3.16
13 years +	1.08	1.08 ± 2.30
Employment status
Employed	1.87	1.87 ± 3.29	18.72	***
Unemployed	2.50	2.50 ± 3.98
Household income category
1(lowest)	2.95	2.95 ± 4.45	15.35	***
2 (low)	2.13	2.13 ± 3.38
3(middle)	1.81	1.81 ± 3.17
4 (high)	1.65	1.65 ± 3.18
5(highest)	1.52	1.52 ± 2.81
House ownership
Yes	2.04	2.04 ± 3.41	31.59	***
No	2.93	2.93 ± 4.52
Year*
2018 (before COVID-19)	2.32	2.32 ± 3.86	0.50
2020 (during COVID-19)	2.22	2.22 ± 3.64

*The average score of PHQ-9 for each year; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.