Table 4.
Zero-inflated logistic regression model: predicting non-depressive responses in PHQ-9.
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero of PHQ-9 | Zero of PHQ-9 | ||||||||||||||
| Inflate estimate (95% CI) |
p-value | Inflate estimate (95% CI) |
p-value | ||||||||||||
| Living arrangement | |||||||||||||||
| Single household (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Two-person household | 0.11 (−0.11, 0.34) |
−0.02 (−0.33, 0.29) |
|||||||||||||
| Three-person household | 0.21 (−0.11, 0.53) |
0.03 (−0.40, 0.46) |
|||||||||||||
| Four or more person household | 0.18 (−0.17, 0.53) |
0.18 (−0.25, 0.62) |
|||||||||||||
| Year | |||||||||||||||
| 2018 (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| 2020 (COVID-19) | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.10) |
−0.31 (−0.87, 0.24) |
|||||||||||||
| Household × Year | |||||||||||||||
| Single × COVID-19 | 0.06 (−0.59, 0.72) |
||||||||||||||
| Two-person × COVID-19 | 0.33 (−0.27, 0.94) |
||||||||||||||
| Three-person × COVID-19 | 0.43 (−0.29, 1.16) |
||||||||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| female | −0.39 (−0.58, −0.20) |
*** | −0.40 (−0.58, 0.21) |
*** | |||||||||||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| 65–69 (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| 70–74 | 0.29 (0.07, 0.50) |
** | 0.29 (0.07, 0.51) |
** | |||||||||||
| 75–79 | 0.14 (−0.14, 0.43) |
0.14 (−0.14, 0.43) |
|||||||||||||
| 80 or more | 0.20 (−0.06, 0.47) |
0.21 (−0.06, 0.48) |
|||||||||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||||||
| Married (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Not-married | 1.14 (0.88, 1.47) |
0.06 (−1.09, 11.13) |
|||||||||||||
| Household income category | |||||||||||||||
| 3 (middle = reference) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 (lowest) | −0.30 (−0.58, −0.02) |
* | −0.31 (−0.59, −0.03) |
* | Model 1 | Model 2 | Variable | Zero of PHQ-9 | Zero of PHQ-9 | Inflate estimate (95% CI) |
p-value | Inflate estimate (95% CI) |
p-value | ||
| 2 (low) | −0.36 (−0.63, −0.08) |
** | −0.36 (−0.63, −0.09) |
** | |||||||||||
| 4 (high) | 0.01 (−0.31, 0.34) |
0.01 (−0.32, 0.33) |
|||||||||||||
| 5 (highest) | −0.32 (−0.70, 0.06) |
−0.34 (−0.73, 0.04) |
|||||||||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| No formal education (=reference) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 6 years | 0.13 (−0.11, 0.37) |
0.13 (−0.11, 0.38) |
|||||||||||||
| 7–12 years | 0.06 (−0.18, 0.32) |
0.05 (−0.19, 0.31) |
|||||||||||||
| 13 years + | 0.35 (0.01, 0.68) |
* | 0.34 (0.01, 0.68) |
* | |||||||||||
| Employment status | |||||||||||||||
| Unemployed (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Employed | 0.25 (0.06, 0.45) |
** | 0.25 (0.06, 0.43) |
** | |||||||||||
| House ownership | |||||||||||||||
| No (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.02 (−0.18, 0.23) |
0.03 (−0.18, 0.23) |
|||||||||||||
| Subjective stress status | |||||||||||||||
| Almost never (=reference) | |||||||||||||||
| Feels a little | −0.93 (−1.13, 0.73) |
*** | −0.93 (−1.13, −0.73) |
*** | |||||||||||
| Feels stressed | −1.78 (−2.08, −1.48) |
*** | −1.79 (−2.09, −1.49) |
*** | |||||||||||
| Feels very stressed | −1.50 (−1.96, −1.03) |
*** | −1.50 (−1.97, −1.03) |
*** | |||||||||||
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.