Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to FD status.
| All | Without incident FD | Incident FD | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 7,480) | (n = 6,479) | (n = 1,001) | |||||
| VPA (min/wk), median (interquartile range) |
0 | (0–75) | 0 | (0–90) | 0 | (0–20) | <0.001 |
| MPA (min/wk), median (interquartile range) |
0 | (0–120) | 0 | (0–120) | 0 | (0–50) | <0.001 |
| Walking time (min/wk), median (interquartile range) |
300 | (120–600) | 300 | (180–480) | 210 | (60–420) | <0.001 |
| MVPA (METs·min/wk), median (interquartile range) |
1,485 | (594–3,336) | 1,584 | (678–3,465) | 1,040 | (297–2,708) | <0.001 |
| Low (<600 METs·min/wk), n (%) | 1921 | (25.7) | 1,536 | (23.7) | 385 | (38.5) | |
| Moderate (600–3,000 METs·min/wk), n (%) | 3,512 | (47.0) | 3,100 | (47.9) | 412 | (41.2) | <0.001 |
| High (>3,000 METs·min/wk), n (%) | 2047 | (27.4) | 1843 | (28.5) | 204 | (20.4) | |
| ST (min/day), median (interquartile range) |
300 | (180–480) | 300 | (180–480) | 360 | (210–590) | <0.001 |
| <180, n (%) | 1,306 | (17.5) | 1,160 | (17.9) | 146 | (14.6) | <0.001 |
| 180–299, n (%) | 1788 | (23.9) | 1,584 | (24.5) | 204 | (20.4) | |
| 300–479, n (%) | 2070 | (27.7) | 1801 | (27.8) | 269 | (26.9) | |
| ≥480, n (%) | 2,316 | (31.0) | 1934 | (29.9) | 382 | (38.2) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 73.7 | (5.5) | 73.1 | (5.3) | 77.3 | (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Sex (men), n (%) | 3,795 | (50.7) | 3,264 | (50.4) | 531 | (53.1) | 0.116 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 1,491 | (19.9) | 1,261 | (19.5) | 230 | (23.0) | 0.026 |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Married | 5,091 | (68.1) | 4,451 | (68.7) | 640 | (63.9) | |
| Widowed or divorced | 1733 | (23.2) | 1,447 | (22.3) | 286 | (28.6) | |
| Never married | 576 | (7.7) | 518 | (8.0) | 58 | (5.8) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Junior high school graduation | 1,562 | (20.9) | 1,290 | (19.9) | 272 | (27.2) | |
| High school graduation | 2,824 | (37.8) | 2,457 | (37.9) | 367 | (36.7) | |
| Junior college/vocational college/ college/graduate school graduation |
2,909 | (38.9) | 2,582 | (39.9) | 327 | (32.7) | |
| Other/missing | 185 | (2.5) | 150 | (2.3) | 35 | (3.5) | |
| Equivalent income, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <2.0 million yen | 1,202 | (16.1) | 999 | (15.4) | 203 | (20.3) | |
| 2.0–3.99 million yen | 2,633 | (35.2) | 2,232 | (34.5) | 401 | (40.1) | |
| ≥4.0 million yen | 2,277 | (30.4) | 2020 | (31.2) | 257 | (25.7) | |
| Unknown/missing | 1,368 | (18.3) | 1,228 | (19.0) | 140 | (14.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.7 | (3.1) | 22.7 | (3.1) | 22.6 | (3.5) | 0.038 |
| <18.5, n (%) | 586 | (7.8) | 468 | (7.2) | 118 | (11.8) | |
| 18.5–24.9, n (%) | 5,278 | (70.6) | 4,626 | (71.4) | 652 | (65.1) | <0.001 |
| ≥25, n (%) | 1,578 | (21.1) | 1,357 | (20.9) | 221 | (22.1) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,941 | (52.7) | 3,359 | (51.8) | 582 | (58.1) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 3,125 | (41.8) | 2,745 | (42.4) | 380 | (38.0) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 1,652 | (22.1) | 1,354 | (20.9) | 298 | (29.8) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 516 | (6.9) | 402 | (6.2) | 114 | (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1,315 | (17.6) | 1,094 | (16.9) | 221 | (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1,198 | (16.0) | 974 | (15.0) | 224 | (22.4) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking status (current), n (%) | 4,288 | (57.3) | 3,798 | (58.6) | 490 | (49.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (current), n (%) | 958 | (12.8) | 831 | (12.8) | 127 | (12.7) | 0.288 |
| Lower back pain, n (%) | 2,799 | (37.4) | 2,334 | (36.0) | 465 | (46.5) | <0.001 |
| Knee pain, n (%) | 2,244 | (30.0) | 1859 | (28.7) | 385 | (38.5) | <0.001 |
| Frailty, n (%) | 1737 | (23.2) | 1,290 | (19.9) | 447 | (44.7) | <0.001 |
BMI = body mass index; FD = functional disability; METs = metabolic equivalents; MPA = moderate physical activity; MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; SD = standard deviation; ST = sedentary time; VPA = vigorous physical activity.