TABLE 4.
Factors associated with inappropriate prescribing in HCTM and UMMC.
| Hospital | HCTM | UMMC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Inappropriate (n = 54) | Appropriate (n = 61) | p-value a | Crude odd ratio (95% CI) | c p-value a | Inappropriate (n = 92) | Appropriate (n = 119) | p-value a | Adjusted odd ratio (95% CI) | c p-value a |
| Type of treatment, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Empiric treatment | 23 (38.3) | 37 (61.7) | 0.006 | 1.00 (Reference) | 39 (40.6) | 57 (59.4) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | ||
| Prophylaxis | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) | 4.22 (1.61–11.10) | 0.003 | 48 (64.9) | 26 (35.1) | 2.37 (1.21–4.65) | 0.012 | ||
| Directed therapy | 10 (38.5) | 16 (61.5) | 1.01 (0.39–2.59) | 0.991 | 5 (12.2) | 36 (87.8) | 0.15 (0.05–0.52) | 0.003 | ||
| Reason for use documented, n (%) d | ||||||||||
| Yes | 39 (48.1) | 42 (51.9) | 0.838 | 88 (42.5) | 119 (57.5) | 0.035 b | NA | NA | ||
| No | 15 (44.1) | 19 (55.9) | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA | NA | ||||
| Antimicrobial group, n (%) | 0.474 | |||||||||
| Penicillin | 24 (40.7) | 35 (59.3) | 0.357 b | 16 (33.3) | 32 (66.7) | 0.029 b | 1.00 (Reference) | |||
| Cephalosporin | 13 (59.1) | 9 (40.9) | 40 (50.0) | 40 (50.0) | 1.50 (0.66–3.40) | 0.335 | ||||
| Carbapenem | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | 5 (27.8) | 13 (72.2) | 2.86 (0.65–12.70) | 0.166 | ||||
| Nitroimidazole | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 18 (66.7) | 9 (33.3) | 2.38 (0.83–6.82) | 0.108 | ||||
| Quinolone | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 1.01 (0.15–6.61) | 0.995 | ||||
| Other | 9 (64.3) | 5 (35.7) | 11 (34.4) | 21 (65.6) | 1.05 (0.38–2.90) | 0.922 | ||||
HCTM, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz; UMMC, University Malaya Medical Centre; OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology.
a
Chi-Squared test.
b
Fisher Exact test. Odd ratio based on inappropriate group (inappropriate/appropriate).
c
p-value for Adjusted Odd Ratio.
d
Excluded in the multivariate analysis due to small number.