Table 2.
Journal review.
| Author | Study design | Sample | Variable | Instrument | Intervention | Analysis | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (13) | Cross-sectional study | 34 patients | Independent: Toronto clinical neuropathy score (TCNS) and modified Toronto clinical neuropathy score (m TCNS) Spanish version Dependents: Diabetic polyneuropathy |
Toronto clinical neuropathy score Spanish version and modified Toronto clinical neuropathy score Spanish version | Neuropathy examination using Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS) Spanish version. | Cronbach’s alpha | The validity test used Cronbach’s alpha with a TCNS result of 0.83 and m TCNS of 0.85. P showed that the Spanish version of the TCNS and mTCNS instruments was valid and reliable for use as an instrument for examining diabetic neuropathy. |
| (14) | Cross-sectional study | 625 patients | Independent: Accuracy and Cost-effectiveness of the Diabetic Foot Screen Proforma Dependents: Diabetic Neuropathy Detection |
Biothesimeter and Diabetic Foot Screen | Measurement of vibration perception threshold (VPT) using biothesimeter and early detection of diabetic foot complications using the Diabetic Foot Screen (DFS) | System 15.0. From ROC analysis and Youden’s index | Vibration perception threshold check (VPT) using DFS was ≥1.5 (sensitivity 62%; specificity 76%), indicating diabetic neuropathy. During the examination, the results were obtained: 74.76% (95% CI: 70.46%-79.06%) of patients experienced diabetic neuropathy. It showed that the use of the DFS DNA biothesimeter can detect diabetic neuropathy early and can be applied to health services |
| (15) | Cross -sectional study | 144 orang | Independent: Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Dependents: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Screening |
Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), SUDOSCAN, 10-g monofilament test. | Diabetic neuropathy examination using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), SUDOSCAN, 10 g monofilament test. | Mann–Whitney U test: chi-square test, Spearman. |
This combination of instruments can be used for optimal examination of diabetic neuropathy |
| (16) | Cross-sectional study | 10.180 patients | Independent: Machine Learning Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Dependents: Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy |
Machine Learning Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument based on Machine Learning | Neuropathy detection using MNSI Machine Learning | performance test: ML Algorithms Correlation: Pearson’s correlation Significant: ANOVA test Correlation Observations and predictions: Cohen’s kappa |
Michigan Machine Learning-based Machine Learning can be used to measure diabetic neuropathy. MNSI machine learning ranks in the 10th Class of diabetic neuropathy screening |
| (17) | cross-sectional study | 156 patients | Independent: Ultrasonography (USG) Dependents: Peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes |
ultrasonography, Neuropathy Total Score (TNS), Modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Screening (MTCNS) | Examination based on ultrasound results and Neuropathy Total Score (TNS), Modified Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Screening (MTCNS) | Shapiro–Wilk test | Ultrasonography (USG) can examine diabetic neuropathy on peripheral nerve ultrasound. |
| (11) | cross-sectional survey | 574 dokter | Independent: Screening and diagnostics Dependents: diabetic polyneuropathy |
tripartite questionnaire. | Neuropathy examination with a tripartite questionnaire. | encompassed descriptive | In health care practice in Germany. Patients can use the tripartite questionnaire to screen for diabetic neuropathy |
| (18) | Cross-sectional study | 69 patients | Independent: Frequency Vibration Perception Thresholds Dependents: Diabetic Neuropathy |
Customized vibration exciter | Provides vibration to the 1st metatarsal (MTH1) at a frequency of 30 Hz and the heel at a frequency of 200 Hz | Spearman and Pearson, ANOVA | Custom vibration exciters can be used to examine diabetic neuropathy by measuring the vibration perception threshold (VPT) on the metatarsals and heels |
| (19) | Cross-sectional study | 277 patients | Independent: Small and large fiber sensory polyneuropathy Dependents: neuropathy subtypes |
128Hz tuning fork, reflex hammer, and pinprick | Vibration perception threshold (VPT) examination uses a 128Hz tuning fork, ankle reflexes were tested with a hammer reflex, and hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia were tested using a pinprick. | Clopper Pearson method | Diabetic neuropathy can be classified into three types, namely, small fiber neuropathy (SFN), large fiber neuropathy (LFN), and mixed fiber neuropathy (MFN). |
| (20) | Cross-sectional observational study | 48 patients | Independent: Conventional Nerve Conduction Studies Dependent: Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy |
Biothesiometer, semmes weinstein monofilament (SWMF), nerve conduction studies (NCS), and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) | Neuropathy measurements using a biothesiometer, Semmes Weinstein monofilament SWMF, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) | Independent t-test/Wilcoxon Rank -sum test | Measuring neuropathy using biothesiometry, SRA waves can be done to diagnose neuropathy in a shorter time. |
| (21) | Cross-sectional study | 31 patients | Independent: Conduction nerve interdigital sensory Dependents: Initial diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathy |
Electrode diagnostic | Physical neuropathy examination using diagnostic electrodes was carried out on the sensory nerves consisting of the dorsal nerve, medial plantar nerve, and toes I, II, and III. The filter was set at 2 Hz – 10 kHz, with a speed of 2 sweeps and a sensitivity of 10–20 μV | Mann Whitney U test And the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test |
The results showed nine respondents experienced nerve conduction study (NCS) disorders, and 22 subjects were normal. interdigital nerve examination results were abnormal in 17 of 22 patients, whereas nerve conduction studies (NCS) were normal |
| (4) | Cross-sectional study | 104 patients | Independent: Shear wave elastography (SWE) and the Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS) Dependents: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
shear wave elastography (SWE) and the Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS) | SWE examination on peripheral nerve examination with Ultrasonography and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) | Evaluated: Mann–Whitney U test Compare: Wilcoxon signed-rank test w Correlation: Spearman correlation |
Shear wave elastography (SWE) is an effective tool used to diagnose neuropathy. The combined use of SWE with TCSS is an effective parameter for neuropathy screening |
| (22) | Cross-sectional study | 389 patients | Independent: Diagnosis of neuropathy Dependents: Diabetic neuropathy |
The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Scoring System (TCNS) use the 128 HZ tuning fork tool, biothesimeter, and monofilament thread. | Neuropathy examination used the Michigan (MNSI), Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Scoring System (TCNS), a 128 HZ tuning fork, a biothesimeter, and a monofilament thread. | Spearman’s rank-order correlation | Early neuropathy examination results were obtained using a questionnaire, and more clinical symptoms of neuropathy were brought compared to neuropathy examinations using only a questionnaire |
| (23) | Cross-sectional study | 153 patients | Independent: Clinical Tools for Peripheral Neuropathy Dependents: Diabetic neuropathy |
Neurothesiometer, 10 g semmes-weinstein monofilament, Ipswich touch, DPN Check, Neuropathy Disability Score | Assessment of significant nerve fiber function with neurothesiometer, 10 G Semmes-Weinstein monofilament, Ipswich touch, DPN examination, neuropathy disability score (DNS) | Colmogorov -Smirnov test | Slight nerve fiber function examination with negative results of 97%, sensitivity of 89%, and specificity of 73%. In a study using the vibration perception threshold, a pessimistic prediction of 91%, sensitivity of 62%, and specificity of 75% were obtained. |
| (24) | cross-sectional study. | 83 patients | Independent: Turkish version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Dependents: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Turkish version and Toronto clinical scoring system |
Pemeriksaan neuropati menggunakan Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument version Turki dan Sistem penilaian klinis Toronto |
intraclass correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha | The Turkish version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) can be used to measure neuropathy symptoms |
| (25) | Cross sectional study | 5088 patients | Independent: Predicting Diabetic Neuropathy Dependents: Artificial Neural Networks and Clinical Parameters |
Neurothesimeter | Vibration perception threshold (VPT) measurement using a neurothesimeter | Neural network toolbox on the MATLAB platform | Evaluation of the risk of diabetic neuropathy was carried out using a neurothesimeter and recording the risk factors experienced by the patient. Neurothesimeter examination was categorized into three risks: low at 0-20.99 Volts, medium at 21-30.99 Volts, and high at ≥31 Volts |
| (26) | Cross sectional study | 518 patients | Independent: Artificial intelligence Dependents: Diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy |
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Neuropathy examination using Figure cornea identified with AI | Cohen’s κ score | The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect neuropathy in people with diabetes by examining the cornea can be done to see neuropathy early. |
| (27) | Cross sectional study | 421 patients | Independent: Vibration perception threshold Dependents: Diabetic polyneuropathy |
Neurothesimeter | Vibration perception threshold (VPT) measurement using a neurothesimeter | Mann Whitney | The neurothesimeter can be used to examine diabetic neuropathy by measuring the vibration perception threshold (VPT) |
| (28) | Cross sectional study | 221 patients | Independent: Detection of peripheral neuropathy Dependents: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patient |
Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) | Diabetic neuropathy was measured using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) on the patient’s hands and feet. | ANOVA test | MNSI and electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) can detect neuropathy in small fiber neuropathy. |
| (29) | Case control study | 60 patients | Independent: Corneal Nerve Plexus Dependents: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy |
Inspection of early neuropathy diabetes with subbasal nerve plexus (SNP). Inspection done with the method see Rostock Cornea Module (HRT-RCM) and Eye Guidance module (EG) for subbasal nerve plexus (SNP), which indicates neuropathy diabetes. | Rostock Cornea Module (HRT-RCM) and EyeGuidance module (EG) | Mann–Whitney test | Diabetes examination is divided into three categories: corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL; mm/mm2), corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD; no./mm2), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD; no./mm2). Based on this, it showed that in assessing diabetic neuropathy using SNP at an early stage, there were no differences in neuropathy in diabetes mellitus patients. |
| (30) | Case control study | 341 patients | Independent: Neuropathy screening tool Dependents: Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy |
Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS) | Neuropathy examination with the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS) | ANOVA tests | Patient assessment using the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS). Screening by examining the hand cold detection threshold (CDT), hand warm detection threshold (WDT), foot CDT, and foot WDT. Early detection neuropathy more accurate by clinical symptoms. |