FIGURE 4.

Different hepatoprotective modes of action of silymarin. CAT, catalase; COL‐α1, collagen α1; IL‐1β, interleukin‐1 beta; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; INF‐γ, interferon‐gamma; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NF‐κB, nuclear factor kappaB; Nrf‐2, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐beta; TIMP 1,2, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1,2; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha; α‐SMA, α‐smooth muscle actin.