TABLE 1.

Predicted associations between A. villosum ingredients and ALD.

Rank	Ingredient	Z‐score	p‐value	References
1	β‐Caryophyllene	−5.58	<.001	(Varga et al., 2018)
2	Stearic acid	−4.30	<.001	(Nie et al., 2022)
3	Eugenol	−3.78	<.001	(Anbu & Anuradha, 2012)
4	Dibutyl phthalate	−3.37	.005	–
5	Myristic acid	−3.26	.009	–
6	Gamma‐sitosterol	−3.19	.000	–
7	Morphine	−2.87	.013	–
8	Linalool	−2.81	.005	–
9	Oleic acid	−2.74	.012	–
10	Quercetin	−2.67	.011	(S. Lee et al., 2019)
11	Vanillin	−2.49	.005	(Haseba et al., 2008)
12	Osthol	−2.39	.002	(Sun et al., 2010)
13	Rutin	−2.28	.009	(C. C. Lee et al., 2013)
14	Cetylic acid	−1.98	.019	(You et al., 2005)
15	4‐methoxybenzaldehyde	−1.90	.010	–
16	Camphor	−1.66	.026	–
17	Vitamin E	−1.35	.039	(Kaur et al., 2010)
18	Apigetrin	−1.06	.032	–

Note: Ingredients were systematically ordered based on the network proximity (indicated by the Z‐score) of their associated targets to the genes linked with ALD, adopting the stringent criterion of Z‐score <0 and p < .05. The indicated references drawn from meticulously reviewed literature are provided. The symbol “–” is used to denote instances where specific information is not provided or reported. 4‐MET: 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde.