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. 2024 Apr 15;12(4):E535–E544. doi: 10.1055/a-2276-1897

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The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3 — a Cholangiogram and b intraductal ultrasound to assess stricture. c Endoscopic view showing a radiofrequency ablation (RFA) catheter entering the bile duct. d,e Fluoroscopic view showing bilateral endobiliary RFA using 18-mm RF catheters for 120 seconds at a power of 7 W and temperature of 80°C. f Successful deployment of metal stents after RFA.