Table 3.
Associations of tract-level sociodemographic characteristics with odds a tract having the highest quintile of total sum of inverse-distance weighted carcinogenic air emissions (quintile 5) compared with zero air emissions (nonexposed)
| Tract characteristics | Inverse-distance weighted sum of air emissions ORQ5 vs nonexposed (95% CI)a |
|---|---|
| Race and ethnicity, % | |
| African American | 1.18 (1.13 to 1.23) |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.86 (0.74 to 0.99) |
| Asian | 0.38 (0.19 to 0.74) |
| Hispanic | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.09) |
| Multiracial | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 0.83 (0.55 to 1.24)b |
| Other | 0.87 (0.37 to 2.02)b |
| White | 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92) |
| Socioeconomic status, % | |
| Less than high school education | 1.34 (1.26 to 1.43) |
| Rented housing unitsc | 1.24 (1.18 to 1.29) |
| Unemployed | 1.49 (1.34 to 1.65) |
| Families below poverty threshold | 1.34 (1.27 to 1.42) |
| Persistent poverty | 2.42 (1.61 to 3.65) |
| Family income, per $10kd | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) |
| Yost Index, per 10 unite | 1.23 (1.18 to 1.28) |
| Families below poverty, % | |
| African American | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.13) |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) |
| Asian | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) |
| Multiracial | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.15) |
| Other | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.06) |
| White | 1.22 (1.15 to 1.28) |
| Less than high school education, % | |
| African American | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.06) |
| Asian | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) |
| Hispanic | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.08) |
| Multiracial | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.06) |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.96) |
| Other | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) |
| White | 1.26 (1.20 to 1.32) |
Odds ratios are adjusted for population density (population per km2 land area of the tract) and reflect a 10% increase in the characteristic of the tract population (ie, a 10% increase in the percentage of the tract population with less than a high school education) unless otherwise noted; estimates for persistent poverty compare the odds of being in the highest emissions category among tracts experiencing persistent poverty to tracts that do not. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Odds ratios for 1% increase in population characteristic substituted when 10% increase was not able to be estimated.
Percentage of rented housing units missing for 214 tracts (nonexposed n = 218; Q 1 n = 4; Q2 n = 3; Q3 n = 9; Q4 n = 4; Q5 n = 3).
Median family income missing for 493 tracts (nonexposed n = 468; Q1 n = 3; Q2 n = 4; Q3 n = 10; Q4 n = 6; Q5 n = 2).
Yost Index missing for 1469 tracts (nonexposed n = 1412; Q1 n = 10; Q2 n = 13; Q3 n = 17; Q4 n = 10; Q5 n = 7).