Table 1. Participant Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Substance used, % of participants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unexposed (n = 3 039 129) | Cannabis (n = 23 007) | Nicotine products (n = 56 811) | Cannabis and nicotine (n = 10 312) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 |
| Asian or Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 13.4 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 1.2 |
| Black | 4.9 | 22.4 | 12.4 | 21.0 |
| Hispanic | 53.5 | 45.8 | 24.4 | 25.2 |
| White | 27.9 | 29.2 | 58.0 | 50.7 |
| Missing | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Maternal age, y | ||||
| <20 | 5.2 | 12.5 | 4.2 | 7.3 |
| 20-34 | 73.8 | 79.7 | 79.3 | 81.4 |
| ≥35 | 21.0 | 7.8 | 16.5 | 11.3 |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| High school or less | 41.1 | 59.9 | 59.9 | 65.0 |
| Some college | 58.9 | 40.1 | 40.1 | 35.0 |
| Prepregnancy BMI | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3.6 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 6.8 |
| Normal weight (18.5-24.9) | 44.0 | 39.8 | 38.7 | 42.5 |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 25.8 | 24.2 | 24.0 | 22.2 |
| Obesity (≥30.0) | 23.1 | 26.8 | 27.7 | 21.9 |
| Missing | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 6.6 |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private | 47.7 | 22.8 | 19.9 | 12.5 |
| Public, self-pay, or uninsured | 52.3 | 77.2 | 80.1 | 87.5 |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 |
| Parity | ||||
| Multiparous | 60.9 | 55.0 | 71.4 | 65.9 |
| Nulliparous | 39.0 | 44.8 | 28.4 | 33.8 |
| Missing | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Prenatal visits | ||||
| ≥5 | 96.3 | 87.9 | 84.6 | 75.8 |
| <5 | 2.2 | 9.3 | 12.7 | 20.5 |
| Missing | 1.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.7 |
| Alcohol use | 0.1 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 3.4 |
| Chronic hypertension | 1.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.6 |
| Preexisting type 1 or 2 diabetes | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.3 |
| Mental health disorders | 3.5 | 15.6 | 12.1 | 20.6 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
P < .001 for all differences among 4 groups (calculated using χ2 test), among data reported as percentages.