The effect of the reduction methods on the hydrogenolysis of HMF to DMF^a.

Entry	Catalyst	Conv. (%)	Yield (%)	Sel. (%)
1b	5%Ru–1%Co/AC	98.7	97.9	99.2
2c	5%Ru–1%Co/AC-C-300	74.0	52.6	71.2
3d	5%Ru–1%Co/AC-C-NaBH4	98.5	89.7	91.1
4e	5%Ru–1%Co/AC-400	98.6	92.9	94.2
5f	5%Ru–1%Co/AC-200	98	93.4	94.7

^aReaction conditions: catalyst, 25 mg, HMF, 1.25 wt% relative to THF; THF, 20 mL. 200 °C, 1 MPa, 1.5 h.

^bRu was reduced by NaBH₄ and Co was reduced at 300 °C for 2 h.

^cRu and Co were reduced by H₂ at 300 °C for 2 h.

^dRu and Co were reduced by NaBH₄.

^eRu was reduced by NaBH₄ and Co was reduced at 400 °C for 2 h.

^fRu was reduced by NaBH₄ and Co was reduced at 200 °C for 2 h.