Table 5.
Observed and simulated intakes and adequacy prevalences for YCF consumers and non-consumers aged 12–24 months
| Nutrient | YCF consumers (observed; n 61) | YCF non-consumers (observed; n 191) | Simulation 2* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intake/d | Adequacy prevalence (%) | Intake/d | Adequacy prevalence (%) | Intake/d | P-value† | Adequacy prevalence (%) | ||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1005·1 | 291·2 | 60·4 | 1162·4 | 288·0 | 83·0 | 1230·5 | 319·7 | < 0·001 | 85·4 |
| Fat (g) | 40·3 | 15·2 | 41·0 | 43·5 | 13·3 | 18·8 | 50·9 | 14·7 | < 0·001 | 31·8 |
| MUFA (g) | 15·4 | 7·3 | 16·4 | 6·8 | 20·2 | 7·5 | < 0·001 | |||
| PUFA (g) | 5·9 | 2·3 | 5·1 | 2·6 | 7·1 | 3·0 | < 0·001 | |||
| SFA (g) | 17·1 | 6·1 | 19·0 | 6·1 | 20·6 | 6·1 | < 0·001 | |||
| Protein (g) | 36·8 | 13·9 | 64·4 | 45·0 | 15·8 | 47·8 | 40·0 | 13·4 | < 0·001 | 75·7 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 121·1 | 33·4 | 63·1 | 143·7 | 45·1 | 61·7 | 150·3 | 45·9 | < 0·001 | 68·1 |
| Fibre (g) | 8·2 | 2·4 | 19·1 | 8·9 | 3·3 | 28·4 | 8·7 | 3·3 | < 0·001 | 27·1 |
| Ca (mg) | 757·2 | 267·4 | 85·9 | 923·3 | 378·3 | 93·2 | 840·9 | 321·2 | < 0·001 | 90·9 |
| Cu (mg) | 0·7 | 0·2 | 51·0 | 0·9 | 0·6 | 55·1 | 1·0 | 0·6 | < 0·001 | 75·9 |
| Iodine (µg) | 192·7 | 154·2 | 88·9 | 225·6 | 151·5 | 91·0 | 232·7 | 150·7 | < 0·001 | 94·1 |
| Fe (mg) | 9·1 | 4·0 | 64·8 | 4·6 | 2·1 | 12·0 | 10·4 | 4·8 | < 0·001 | 75·6 |
| Mg (mg) | 146·5 | 48·2 | 24·0 | 189·1 | 71·1 | 54·2 | 164·4 | 56·8 | < 0·001 | 40·8 |
| Mn (mg) | 1·1 | 1·4 | 86·9 | 1·3 | 1·0 | 91·6 | 1·3 | 1·0 | 0·99 | 91·0 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 693·1 | 224·4 | 100·0 | 936·2 | 359·1 | 98·5 | 764·6 | 247·5 | < 0·001 | 98·5 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1611·3 | 450·0 | 97·4 | 1967·9 | 661·0 | 98·7 | 1661·2 | 471·3 | < 0·001 | 98·1 |
| Se (µg) | 43·9 | 14·4 | 100·0 | 59·4 | 25·0 | 100·0 | 52·5 | 17·6 | < 0·001 | 100·0 |
| Na (mg) | 1863·8 | 3019·9 | 34·1 | 2605·0 | 3158·7 | 57·7 | 2555·6 | 3162·9 | < 0·001 | 53·9 |
| Zn (mg) | 6·4 | 2·5 | 74·3 | 5·6 | 1·8 | 74·8 | 7·1 | 2·6 | < 0·001 | 84·8 |
| Retinol (µg) | 492·9 | 205·9 | 97·8 | 461·9 | 485·2 | 84·1 | 654·8 | 488·5 | < 0·001 | 98·9 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 100·7 | 42·0 | 100·0 | 55·4 | 31·2 | 95·5 | 105·2 | 45·7 | < 0·001 | 100·0 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 8·4 | 4·2 | 6·7 | 3·7 | 2·8 | 0·0 | 9·2 | 5·0 | < 0·001 | 13·5 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 9·8 | 4·1 | 74·0 | 5·3 | 2·9 | 31·2 | 11·4 | 5·9 | < 0·001 | 83·0 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 0·8 | 0·3 | 96·5 | 0·8 | 0·3 | 96·6 | 0·9 | 0·3 | < 0·001 | 97·6 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1·3 | 0·5 | 98·7 | 1·6 | 0·7 | 96·8 | 1·5 | 0·6 | < 0·001 | 96·8 |
| Niacin (mg) | 8·2 | 4·1 | 77·5 | 6·7 | 3·3 | 71·9 | 8·9 | 3·7 | < 0·001 | 89·3 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 4·4 | 1·7 | 55·1 | 4·2 | 1·7 | 50·3 | 4·8 | 2·1 | < 0·001 | 64·4 |
| Pyridoxine (mg) | 1·0 | 0·4 | 94·9 | 0·9 | 0·3 | 91·8 | 1·0 | 0·3 | < 0·001 | 93·4 |
| Folate (µg) | 182·4 | 59·8 | 96·5 | 187·9 | 66·8 | 96·1 | 213·2 | 69·8 | < 0·001 | 98·4 |
| Cobalamin (µg) | 2·6 | 1·6 | 80·3 | 3·3 | 2·4 | 83·5 | 2·9 | 2·2 | < 0·001 | 83·4 |
FOF, follow-on formula; IF, infant formula; YCF, young child formula.
*
Simulation 2: In non-consumers of YCF aged from 6 to 12 months, all cow’s milk, IF and FOF were replaced by equal quantities of YCF.
†
P-values for the differences between observed intakes and predicted intakes were obtained using the Wilcoxon test.
However, because of the high number of bootstraps which may lead to even small differences between observed and predicted intakes reaching significance, the results of these tests should be interpreted with caution, taking into account the observed differences.