Table 2.
Characteristics and comparisons of cases with candidemia and controls without
| Variable | Category | Cases, n=144 | Controls, n=460 | OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), no. (%) | 18–49 | 27 (18.8) | 62 (13.5) | 1.00 (ref) | .37 | ||
| 50–64 | 47 (32.6) | 169 (36.7) | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | ||||
| 65+ | 70 (48.6) | 229 (49.8) | 0.71 (0.41–1.21) | ||||
| Sex, no. (%) | Female | 49 (34.0) | 167 (36.3) | 1.00 (ref) | .60 | ||
| Male | 95 (66.0) | 293 (63.7) | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | ||||
| Race and ethnicity, no. (%) | NH Caucasian | 68 (47.2) | 211 (45.9) | 1.00 (ref) | .12 | ||
| NH African American | 37 (25.7) | 98 (21.3) | 1.22 (0.76–1.96) | ||||
| Hispanic | 16 (11.1) | 81 (17.6) | 0.58 (0.30–1.09) | ||||
| Asian b | 23 (16.0) | 17 (3.7) | 1.85 (0.75–4.47) | ||||
| NH Other/Unknown | 53 (11.5) | 0.88 (0.44–1.79) | |||||
| Region, no. (%) | Northeast | 47 (32.6) | 165 (35.9) | n/a | |||
| Midwest | 50 (34.7) | 156 (33.9) | |||||
| South or West b or Other/Unknown b | 47 (32.7) | 139 (30.2) | |||||
| Time Period, no. (%) | February 10, 2020–June 14, 2020 | 54 (37.5) | 191 (41.5) | n/a | |||
| June 15, 2020–October, 17 2020 | 17 (11.8) | 43 (9.4) | |||||
| October, 18 2020–February 20 2021 | 50 (34.7) | 145 (31.5) | |||||
| February 21 202–June 26 2021 | 23 (16.0) | 81 (17.6) | |||||
| Obesity, no. (%) | Underweight b | 80 (55.6) | 213 (46.3) | 0.79 (0.21–2.93) | .14 | ||
| Normoweight | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Obesity class 1 or 2 | 51 (35.4) | 178 (38.7) | 0.71 (0.47–1.09) | ||||
| Obesity class 3 | 13 (9.0) | 69 (15.0) | 0.50 (0.26–0.98) | ||||
| Smoking (n=546), no. (%) | Current smoker | 20 (15.8) | 49 (11.7) | .38 | |||
| Not current smoker | 107 (84.3) | 370 (88.3) | |||||
| CCI score | Median (IQR) | 2 (5–8) | 2 (5–8) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | .28 | ||
| Hemi/paraplegia, no. (%) | Yes | 23 (16.0) | 47 (10.2) | 1.63 (0.96–2.77) | .08 | ||
| No | 121 (84.0) | 413 (89.8) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Hemodialysis, no. (%) | Yes | 20 (13.9) | 47 (10.2) | 1.39 (0.76–2.54) | .29 | ||
| No | 124 (86.1) | 413 (89.8) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| HIV, no. (%) | Yes b | ≤ 10 | 11 (2.4) | 0.60 (0.13–2.70) | .47 | ||
| No | > 134 | 449 (97.6) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| TPN, no. (%) | Yes b | ≤ 10 | ≤ 10 | 2.45 (0.14–42.6) | .54 | ||
| No | > 134 | > 450 | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Antibiotics, no. (%) | Yes | 120 (83.3) | 288 (62.6) | 3.34 (2.00–5.57) | < .001 | 3.39 (1.99–5.76) | < .001 |
| No | 24 (16.7) | 172 (37.4) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| IL-6 inhibitor, no. (%) | Yes | 27 (18.8) | 79 (17.2) | 1.27 (0.74–2.17) | .38 | ||
| No | 117 (81.3) | 381 (82.8) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| JAK inhibitor | Yes b | ≤ 10 | ≤ 10 | 0.81 (0.08–8.52) | .86 | ||
| No | > 134 | > 450 | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Steroidano. (%) | Yes | 114 (79.2) | 332 (72.2) | 1.46 (0.92–2.32) | .10 | ||
| No | 30 (20.8) | 128 (27.8) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| ICU (prior), no. (%) | Yes | 65 (45.1) | 172 (37.4) | 1.34 (0.90–2.01) | .15 | ||
| No | 79 (54.9) | 288 (62.6) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Severity (prior), no. (%) | No ICU or vent | 20 (13.9) | 151 (32.8) | 1.00 (ref) | < .001 | 1.00 (ref) | < .001 |
| ICU and no vent or ECMO | 10 (6.9) | 33 (7.2) | 2.14 (0.89–5.20) | 2.33 (0.94–5.77) | |||
| Vent or ECMO | 114 (79.2) | 276 (60.0) | 3.93 (2.23–6.95) | 3.98 (2.22–7.17) | |||
| Central line (prior), no. (%) | Yes | 54 (37.5) | 122 (26.5) | 1.85 (1.21–2.83) | .004 | ||
| No | 90 (62.5) | 338 (73.5) | 1.00 (ref) |
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using conditional logistic regression models. Bolded values were statisticaly significant.
Steroid includes receipt of ≥1 dose of dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone prior to the culture date.
Some cells were merged or hidden to ensure values >10 in all categories.
Smoking status was not considered in the univariate or multivariate model due to a large amount of missing data.
IL-6 (interleukin-6) inhibitors included tocilizumab or sarilumab.
JAK (Janus-associated kinase) inhibitor included baricitinib.
ICU, intensive care unit; vent, mechanical ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.