Table 3.
Subgroup analyses for the associations of flooding exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality
| Subgroup | All-cause | CVD | Respiratory | Digestive | Neurodegenerative | Mental | Neoplasm | Suicide | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value * | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 64 years | 1.072 (1.067 to 1.077) | Ref | 1.055 (1.044 to 1.066) | Ref | 1.086 (1.060 to 1.112) | Ref | 1.019 (0.995 to 1.043) | Ref | 1.064 (1.036 to 1.092) | Ref | 1.035 (0.954 to 1.123) | Ref | 1.069 (1.063 to 1.075) | Ref | 1.054 (1.018 to 1.092) | Ref |
| > 65 years | 1.057 (1.051 to 1.064) | < 0.001 | 1.046 (1.033 to 1.060) | 0.329 | 1.043 (1.020 to 1.068) | 0.019 | 1.082 (1.041 to 1.124) | 0.01 | 1.074 (1.047 to 1.101) | 0.6 | 1.044 (0.998 to 1.091) | 0.862 | 1.052 (1.044 to 1.060) | < 0.001 | 1.113 (0.826 to 1.500) | 0.723 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Female | 1.079 (1.073 to 1.086) | Ref | 1.055 (1.033 to 1.077) | Ref | 1.093 (1.059 to 1.128) | Ref | 1.005 (0.960 to 1.052) | Ref | 1.087 (1.054 to 1.121) | Ref | 0.933 (0.831 to 1.047) | Ref | 1.075 (1.067 to 1.083) | Ref | 1.054 (0.969 to 1.147) | Ref |
| Male | 1.060 (1.055 to 1.064) | < 0.001 | 1.050 (1.041 to 1.060) | 0.732 | 1.049 (1.028 to 1.069) | 0.028 | 1.035 (1.012 to 1.059) | 0.252 | 1.058 (1.035 to 1.082) | 0.156 | 1.060 (1.017 to 1.106) | 0.04 | 1.056 (1.050 to 1.062) | < 0.001 | 1.050 (1.009 to 1.093) | 0.932 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 24.9 | 1.072 (1.064 to 1.079) | Ref | 1.059 (1.039 to 1.079) | Ref | 1.074 (1.042 to 1.107) | Ref | 1.063 (1.020 to 1.108) | Ref | 1.077 (1.046 to 1.109) | Ref | 1.027 (0.960 to 1.098) | Ref | 1.066 (1.057 to 1.075) | Ref | 1.069 (0.986 to 1.160) | Ref |
| 25~29.9 | 1.067 (1.062 to 1.073) | 0.357 | 1.052 (1.039 to 1.065) | 0.555 | 1.059 (1.031 to 1.088) | 0.499 | 1.020 (0.985 to 1.057) | 0.136 | 1.072 (1.043 to 1.103) | 0.833 | 1.028 (0.968 to 1.091) | 0.986 | 1.060 (1.053 to 1.068) | 0.371 | 1.119 (1.051 to 1.192) | 0.384 |
| ≥ 30 | 1.059 (1.051 to 1.066) | 0.012 | 1.045 (1.031 to 1.059) | 0.279 | 1.057 (1.025 to 1.090) | 0.474 | 1.027 (0.993 to 1.063) | 0.208 | 1.033 (0.991 to 1.077) | 0.106 | 1.099 (1.003 to 1.204) | 0.243 | 1.058 (1.049 to 1.068) | 0.274 | 7.396 (6.789 to 8.058) | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 1.055 (1.051 to 1.060) | Ref | 1.040 (1.030 to 1.051) | Ref | 1.059 (1.039 to 1.079) | Ref | 1.029 (1.004 to 1.054) | Ref | 1.058 (1.035 to 1.082) | Ref | 1.048 (1.003 to 1.095) | Ref | 1.051 (1.045 to 1.057) | Ref | 1.078 (1.027 to 1.133) | Ref |
| High | 1.085 (1.078 to 1.091) | < 0.001 | 1.075 (1.059 to 1.092) | <0.001 | 1.076 (1.041 to 1.113) | 0.405 | 1.040 (0.998 to 1.084) | 0.637 | 1.079 (1.043 to 1.116) | 0.355 | 1.051 (0.963 to 1.146) | 0.961 | 1.080 (1.072 to 1.089) | < 0.001 | 1.039 (0.967 to 1.117) | 0.407 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 31,000 | 1.052 (1.047 to 1.057) | Ref | 1.039 (1.029 to 1.050) | Ref | 1.054 (1.034 to 1.074) | Ref | 1.020 (0.996 to 1.044) | Ref | 1.069 (1.046 to 1.093) | Ref | 1.067 (1.023 to 1.114) | Ref | 1.051 (1.044 to 1.057) | Ref | 1.109 (1.044 to 1.177) | Ref |
| > 31,000 | 1.087 (1.081 to 1.093) | < 0.001 | 1.076 (1.060 to 1.092) | <0.001 | 1.092 (1.054 to 1.131) | 0.08 | 1.074 (1.028 to 1.121) | 0.039 | 1.060 (1.026 to 1.095) | 0.671 | 0.978 (0.880 to 1.087) | 0.133 | 1.078 (1.071 to 1.086) | < 0.001 | 1.015 (0.968 to 1.065) | 0.024 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-moderate | 1.070 (1.062 to 1.078) | Ref | 1.045 (1.028 to 1.063) | Ref | 1.046 (1.009 to 1.085) | Ref | 1.066 (1.010 to 1.125) | Ref | 1.067 (1.031 to 1.103) | Ref | 1.044 (0.960 to 1.134) | Ref | 1.061 (1.050 to 1.072) | Ref | 1.287 (1.212 to 1.367) | Ref |
| Moderate | 1.066 (1.062 to 1.070) | 0.442 | 1.052 (1.043 to 1.062) | 0.498 | 1.067 (1.047 to 1.087) | 0.349 | 1.023 (0.999 to 1.046) | 0.167 | 1.071 (1.048 to 1.094) | 0.848 | 1.039 (0.994 to 1.087) | 0.932 | 1.063 (1.058 to 1.069) | 0.689 | 1.048 (1.010 to 1.087) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||||
| Never | 1.082 (1.076 to 1.089) | Ref | 1.064 (1.048 to 1.080) | Ref | 1.067 (1.029 to 1.106) | Ref | 1.044 (1.002 to 1.087) | Ref | 1.075 (1.045 to 1.104) | Ref | 1.061 (0.990 to 1.136) | Ref | 1.077 (1.070 to 1.085) | Ref | 1.045 (0.988 to 1.105) | Ref |
| Previous | 1.061 (1.055 to 1.067) | < 0.001 | 1.049 (1.038 to 1.061) | 0.157 | 1.063 (1.038 to 1.088) | 0.864 | 1.049 (1.018 to 1.082) | 0.834 | 1.048 (1.019 to 1.077) | 0.204 | 1.006 (0.946 to 1.070) | 0.265 | 1.056 (1.049 to 1.064) | < 0.001 | 1.119 (1.040 to 1.205) | 0.145 |
| Current | 1.048 (1.039 to 1.056) | < 0.001 | 1.033 (1.014 to 1.053) | 0.018 | 1.049 (1.016 to 1.084) | 0.511 | 1.011 (0.965 to 1.059) | 0.314 | 1.104 (1.034 to 1.179) | 0.45 | 1.213 (1.036 to 1.421) | 0.126 | 1.041 (1.029 to 1.053) | < 0.001 | 1.101 (0.957 to 1.267) | 0.496 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 1.054 (1.046 to 1.062) | Ref | 1.047 (1.029 to 1.066) | Ref | 1.065 (1.030 to 1.102) | Ref | 1.010 (0.972 to 1.049) | Ref | 1.057 (1.014 to 1.100) | Ref | 1.074 (0.977 to 1.180) | Ref | 1.054 (1.042 to 1.065) | Ref | 1.349 (1.259 to 1.447) | Ref |
| Middle | 1.068 (1.061 to 1.075) | 0.014 | 1.039 (1.021 to 1.057) | 0.528 | 1.045 (1.011 to 1.079) | 0.415 | 1.046 (1.004 to 1.090) | 0.215 | 1.065 (1.030 to 1.101) | 0.773 | 1.019 (0.943 to 1.100) | 0.397 | 1.057 (1.047 to 1.067) | 0.659 | 1.166 (1.004 to 1.354) | 0.083 |
| High | 1.071 (1.066 to 1.076) | < 0.001 | 1.056 (1.044 to 1.067) | 0.446 | 1.073 (1.046 to 1.100) | 0.739 | 1.045 (1.012 to 1.079) | 0.171 | 1.071 (1.043 to 1.100) | 0.581 | 1.041 (0.981 to 1.104) | 0.585 | 1.068 (1.061 to 1.074) | 0.031 | 1.067 (1.018 to 1.117) | <0.001 |
| Suboptimal diet | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.069 (1.064 to 1.075) | Ref | 1.054 (1.042 to 1.067) | Ref | 1.084 (1.058 to 1.110) | Ref | 1.049 (1.017 to 1.082) | Ref | 1.058 (1.033 to 1.083) | Ref | 1.045 (0.993 to 1.100) | Ref | 1.066 (1.060 to 1.073) | Ref | 1.077 (1.022 to 1.134) | Ref |
| Yes | 1.064 (1.058 to 1.069) | 0.14 | 1.048 (1.036 to 1.060) | 0.468 | 1.045 (1.022 to 1.069) | 0.031 | 1.024 (0.996 to 1.054) | 0.276 | 1.082 (1.051 to 1.113) | 0.24 | 1.049 (0.983 to 1.120) | 0.921 | 1.060 (1.052 to 1.067) | 0.179 | 1.037 (0.978 to 1.100) | 0.349 |
| Deprivation | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 1.071 (1.065 to 1.076) | Ref | 1.059 (1.046 to 1.072) | Ref | 1.058 (1.030 to 1.086) | Ref | 1.055 (1.021 to 1.091) | Ref | 1.064 (1.038 to 1.090) | Ref | 1.029 (0.973 to 1.088) | Ref | 1.061 (1.054 to 1.068) | Ref | 0.987 (0.929 to 1.049) | Ref |
| High | 1.061 (1.056 to 1.067) | 0.019 | 1.042 (1.031 to 1.053) | 0.054 | 1.066 (1.043 to 1.089) | 0.667 | 1.018 (0.992 to 1.045) | 0.096 | 1.070 (1.042 to 1.099) | 0.755 | 1.068 (1.013 to 1.126) | 0.348 | 1.062 (1.055 to 1.069) | 0.783 | 1.089 (1.037 to 1.144) | 0.013 |
Data are odds ratios per unit increase in flood index. The model was adjusted for matching factors, socio-economic factors, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, diet score, overall health rating, and assessment centre
*p-value for the difference