Table 2. Overall baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
aBinary random effects model. bGhadri et al. [6] describe age (years) and ejection fraction using mean and SD. cStiermaier et al. [7] describe age (years) and ejection fraction using median and IQR. dBased on the subset of the total population for whom data were available. #Statistically significant at p<0.01
NR: not reported due to data unavailability; SD: standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range
| Characteristics | Overall (n=1395) | Happy heart syndrome (n=57) | Broken heart syndrome (n=1338) | Pooled analysisa, OR (95% CI) | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | Mean ± SDb | NR | 71.4 ± 11.2 | 65 ± 12.5 | - |
| Median (IQR)c | NR | 70 (61–77) | 69 (62–78) | - | |
| Sex | Male | 77 | 8 | 69 | - |
| Female | 1318 | 49 | 1269 | 0.37 (0.09–1.54) | |
| Comorbiditiesd | |||||
| Hypertension | 65.6% | 56.1% | 66% | 0.61 (0.19–1.98) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14.3% | 3.5% | 14.8% | 0.26 (0.07–0.94) | |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 39.9% | 38.9% | 40% | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) | |
| Smoking | 16.9% | 14% | 17.1% | 0.79 (0.37–1.70) | |
| Clinical presentation d | |||||
| Chest pain | 81.8% | 84.3% | 81.7% | 1.19 (0.55–2.58) | |
| Breathlessness | 33.5% | 31.4% | 33.5% | 0.84 (0.27–2.57) | |
| ST segment changes | 70.2% | 66.7% | 70.4% | 0.90 (0.23–3.48) | |
| Ejection fraction (%) | Mean ± SDb | NR | 40.2 ± 9.4 | 42.6 ± 11 | - |
| Median (IQR)c | NR | 43 (31–45) | 40 (35–45) | - | |
| Cardiac ballooning patternd | |||||
| Apical ballooning | 84.2% | 70.2% | 84.8% | 0.42 (0.23–0.75)# | |
| Midventricular ballooning | 13.1% | 26.3% | 12.5% | 2.52 (1.36–4.68)# | |
| Basal ballooning | 1.8% | 3.5% | 1.7% | 2.76 (0.72–10.58) | |
| Outcomed: in-hospital mortality | 1.2% | 0 | 1.2% | - | |