Table 1. Non-tumor causes of hyperprolactinemia.

Physiological	Systemic	Pharmacological
Pregnancy	Chronic kidney disease – end stage	Antidepressants Neuroleptics/antipsychotics
Coitus	Polycystic ovary syndrome	Estrogens (oral contraceptives)
Breastfeeding	Cirrhosis	Antiemetics, antihistamines
Exercise	Chest wall disorders (surgery, shingles, piercing)	Antihypertensives, opioids
Stress	Primary hypothyroidism	Dopamine inhibitors