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. 2024 Jun 5;34(6):301–306. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20230108

Table 1. Baseline characteristicsa (n = 5,118).

  By sub-cohorts   By sex  


  CCFH GNHS P-value Women Men P-value
n (%) 1,070 (20.9) 4,048 (79.1) 3,550 (69.4) 1,562 (30.6)

  Median (IQR) or n (%)
Age, years 72.0 (66.0–76.0) 58.0 (54.0–62.0) <0.001 58.6 (54.0–66.0) 61.0 (56.0–67.3) <0.001
Gender     <0.001
 Women 794 (74.2) 2,756 (68.1)        
 Men 276 (25.8) 1,286 (31.8)        
 Missing/unclassified 0 (0.0) 6 (0.1)        
BMI, kg/m2 23.2 (21.5–24.9) 23.2 (21.2–25.3) 0.690 23.0 (21.1–25.0) 23.7 (21.8–25.5) <0.001
Education     <0.001     <0.001
 Junior high school or below 509 (47.6) 1,223 (30.2)   1,270 (35.8) 462 (29.6)  
 Secondary high school 353 (33.0) 1,777 (43.9)   1,554 (43.8) 576 (36.9)  
 College degree or above 207 (19.3) 991 (24.5)   696 (19.6) 505 (32.1)  
Household income,
Yuan/month/person
    <0.001     <0.001
500 15 (1.4) 86 (2.1)   59 (1.7) 40 (2.7)  
 501–2,000 125 (11.7) 1,067 (26.4)   888 (25.0) 304 (19.5)  
 2,001–3,000 273 (25.5) 1,774 (43.8)   1,445 (40.7) 602 (38.5)  
3,001 400 (37.4) 1,075 (26.6)   963 (27.1) 512 (32.8)  
Marital status     <0.001     <0.001
 Married or living together 791 (73.9) 3,622 (89.5)   2,918 (82.2) 1,495 (95.7)  
 Divorce/Separation/Widowed 273 (25.5) 366 (9.0)   588 (16.6) 51 (3.3)  
 Unmarried/Unclassified 6 (0.6) 60 (1.5)   44 (1.2) 16 (1.0)  
Smokers b 135 (12.6) 674 (16.7) <0.001 33 (0.9) 776 (49.7) <0.001
Alcohol drinkers c 77 (7.2) 280 (6.9) 0.100 100 (2.8) 257 (16.5) <0.001
Tea drinkers d 540 (50.5) 2,119 (52.3) 0.023 1,576 (44.4) 1,083 (69.3) <0.001
Physical activity, MET-h/d e 37.2 (28.3–47.4) 35.5 (30.4–48.8) 0.013 36.3 (30.4–48.6) 34.9 (29.7–46.7) <0.001
Energy intake, kcal/d 1,506.3
(1,288.4–1,797.2)
1,681.0
(1,404.3–2,064.0)
<0.001 1,587.8
(1,318.9–1,911.0)
1,801.8
(1,492.7–2,183.1)
<0.001
Calcium supplement users 455 (42.5) 1,261 (31.2) <0.001 1,383 (39.0) 333 (21.3) <0.001
Multivitamin supplement users 307 (28.7) 855 (21.1) <0.001 893 (25.2) 269 (17.2) <0.001

BMI, body mass index; CCFH, the controls of a case-control study of hip fractures; GNHS, Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study; IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent.

aContinuous variables were described as medians ± quartile range in non-normal distribution, assessed by Wilcoxon tests; categorical variables were described with numbers (%), assessed through chi-square tests.

bSmokers were defined as having smoked at least 1 cigarette every day for at least 6 consecutive months.

cAlcohol drinkers were defined as taking an alcoholic drink at least once per week for at least 6 consecutive months at any time.

dTea drinkers were defined as taking at least 1 cup of tea per week in the previous 6 months.

ePhysical activity included daily household chores, walking, standing, stair-climbing, bike-riding, hard physical labor, moderate physical labor, and mild physical labor, assessed by metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per day.