Table 1. Baseline characteristicsa (n = 5,118).
By sub-cohorts | By sex | |||||
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CCFH | GNHS | P-value | Women | Men | P-value | |
n (%) | 1,070 (20.9) | 4,048 (79.1) | 3,550 (69.4) | 1,562 (30.6) | ||
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Median (IQR) or n (%) | ||||||
Age, years | 72.0 (66.0–76.0) | 58.0 (54.0–62.0) | <0.001 | 58.6 (54.0–66.0) | 61.0 (56.0–67.3) | <0.001 |
Gender | <0.001 | — | — | — | ||
Women | 794 (74.2) | 2,756 (68.1) | ||||
Men | 276 (25.8) | 1,286 (31.8) | ||||
Missing/unclassified | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.1) | ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (21.5–24.9) | 23.2 (21.2–25.3) | 0.690 | 23.0 (21.1–25.0) | 23.7 (21.8–25.5) | <0.001 |
Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Junior high school or below | 509 (47.6) | 1,223 (30.2) | 1,270 (35.8) | 462 (29.6) | ||
Secondary high school | 353 (33.0) | 1,777 (43.9) | 1,554 (43.8) | 576 (36.9) | ||
College degree or above | 207 (19.3) | 991 (24.5) | 696 (19.6) | 505 (32.1) | ||
Household income,
Yuan/month/person |
<0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
500 | 15 (1.4) | 86 (2.1) | 59 (1.7) | 40 (2.7) | ||
501–2,000 | 125 (11.7) | 1,067 (26.4) | 888 (25.0) | 304 (19.5) | ||
2,001–3,000 | 273 (25.5) | 1,774 (43.8) | 1,445 (40.7) | 602 (38.5) | ||
3,001 | 400 (37.4) | 1,075 (26.6) | 963 (27.1) | 512 (32.8) | ||
Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Married or living together | 791 (73.9) | 3,622 (89.5) | 2,918 (82.2) | 1,495 (95.7) | ||
Divorce/Separation/Widowed | 273 (25.5) | 366 (9.0) | 588 (16.6) | 51 (3.3) | ||
Unmarried/Unclassified | 6 (0.6) | 60 (1.5) | 44 (1.2) | 16 (1.0) | ||
Smokers b | 135 (12.6) | 674 (16.7) | <0.001 | 33 (0.9) | 776 (49.7) | <0.001 |
Alcohol drinkers c | 77 (7.2) | 280 (6.9) | 0.100 | 100 (2.8) | 257 (16.5) | <0.001 |
Tea drinkers d | 540 (50.5) | 2,119 (52.3) | 0.023 | 1,576 (44.4) | 1,083 (69.3) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, MET-h/d e | 37.2 (28.3–47.4) | 35.5 (30.4–48.8) | 0.013 | 36.3 (30.4–48.6) | 34.9 (29.7–46.7) | <0.001 |
Energy intake, kcal/d | 1,506.3 (1,288.4–1,797.2) |
1,681.0 (1,404.3–2,064.0) |
<0.001 | 1,587.8 (1,318.9–1,911.0) |
1,801.8 (1,492.7–2,183.1) |
<0.001 |
Calcium supplement users | 455 (42.5) | 1,261 (31.2) | <0.001 | 1,383 (39.0) | 333 (21.3) | <0.001 |
Multivitamin supplement users | 307 (28.7) | 855 (21.1) | <0.001 | 893 (25.2) | 269 (17.2) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CCFH, the controls of a case-control study of hip fractures; GNHS, Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study; IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent.
aContinuous variables were described as medians ± quartile range in non-normal distribution, assessed by Wilcoxon tests; categorical variables were described with numbers (%), assessed through chi-square tests.
bSmokers were defined as having smoked at least 1 cigarette every day for at least 6 consecutive months.
cAlcohol drinkers were defined as taking an alcoholic drink at least once per week for at least 6 consecutive months at any time.
dTea drinkers were defined as taking at least 1 cup of tea per week in the previous 6 months.
ePhysical activity included daily household chores, walking, standing, stair-climbing, bike-riding, hard physical labor, moderate physical labor, and mild physical labor, assessed by metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per day.