Table 3. Association between awareness of limiting energy intake and all-cause mortality.
| Events (n) |
Person- years |
Hazard ratio (95% CI)* | ||
|
| ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| Men | ||||
| Awareness, no | 1,243 | 196,503 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 444 | 93,725 | 0.79 (0.71–0.88) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 91 | 6,374 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 8 | 1,157 | 0.47 (0.23–0.97) | 0.51 (0.16–1.66) |
| 18.5–24.9 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 808 | 133,360 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 281 | 61,249 | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) |
| ≥25.0 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 344 | 56,770 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 155 | 31,319 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) |
| Women | ||||
| Awareness, no | 557 | 218,022 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 272 | 126,458 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 1.39 (1.06–1.81) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 42 | 19,802 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 11 | 7,716 | 0.77 (0.39–1.52) | 0.78 (0.25–2.42) |
| 18.5–24.9 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 382 | 157,992 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 172 | 92,648 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) |
| ≥25.0 | ||||
| Awareness, no | 133 | 40,228 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Awareness, yes | 89 | 26,095 | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | 1.93 (1.13–3.27) |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
*Hazard ratio due to the awareness of limiting energy intake.
Model 1: Adjusted for age.
Model 2: Adjusted for age; BMI; region; smoking habit; alcohol drinking habit; years of education; daily activity; habitual exercise; meat, green vegetable, and fruit intake; awareness of limiting fat and sweet food intake.