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. 2024 May 9;14:10616. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61125-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chaga mushroom extract activates autophagy processes via the AMPK-LC3B-II axis. (A) Schematic representation of autophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death. (B) Expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and total AMPK (AMPK) in HSC-4 cells after treatment (200 μg/mL) for the indicated time points (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min). (C) Expression levels of LC3B-I and II in HSC-4 cells after treatment (200 μg/mL) for the indicated time points (0, 6, 12, and 24 h).