Table 1.

Description of environmental factors used in analyses. In total, 21 factors were chosen to represent eight aspects of environmental conditions: vegetation phenology, climate, land cover, biodiversity, topography, soil property, relative tidal elevation, and distance to the shoreline.

Factor type	Factor name	Description	Resolution	Reference
Vegetation	kNDVI	Mean kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	30 m	[79]
Climate	Tmax	Annual average maximum temperature	1 km	[83]
	Tmin	Annual average minimum temperature
	Prcp	Total accumulated precipitation
Land cover	Forest	Fraction of forest land	30 m	[84]
	Shrub_grass_pasture	Fraction of shrub/grass/pasture land
	Crop	Fraction of cropland
	Wetland	Fraction of wetland
Biodiversity	Shannon_diversity	Mean Shannon diversity	30 m	[85]
Topography	Elevation	Mean elevation	10 m	[86,87]
	Aspect	Mean aspect
	Slope	Mean slope
	TWI	Mean topographic wetness index
Soil property	Clay_mean	Mean clay content	100 m	[88]
	Sand_mean	Mean sand content
	BD_mean	Mean bulk density
	pH_mean	Mean pH value
	SOC_mean	Mean soil organic carbon content
	TN_mean	Mean total nitrogen
Tidal level	Inundation	Fraction of inundated area	30 m	[64]
Distance	Distance	Euclidean distance from centroid of grid to shoreline