Table 7.

Intervention planning logic model applied to the Critical Skills program.

Social Skills	Daily Determinants	In-game Dynamics	Intervention Outcomes
Conflict management and resolution	Discuss different treatments for a patient	Discuss various in-game plans to solve a problem.	Agree to adhere to the plan selected by the group through voting.
Effective communication	Having ideas and thoughts that are not clearly understood by the staff, which leaves room for misinterpretation.	Player characters must effectively communicate their ideas to both their colleagues and non-player characters (NPCs).	Ideas and thoughts are communicated in a manner that ensures full comprehension by all staff members.
Civility	Conversations, particularly in video conferences, often lack efficiency as it is challenging to discern the appropriate timing for speaking and allowing others to speak without interruption.	The group of player characters utilizes their initiative rolls and other cues provided by The Guide to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to take their actions and express themselves.	Subjects demonstrate increased awareness of when to initiate communication and respond to it. They exhibit greater respect and ensure that everyone is listened to attentively.
Relationship management	Medical residents frequently encounter challenges in establishing new relationships within a different environment. This difficulty can contribute to an uptick in mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.	The RPG intervention facilitates the creation of scenarios where players can forge strong bonds and nurture healthy relationships. The playful aspect of this intervention is pivotal in fostering such connections.	The relationships built in-game foster the development of healthy professional connections
Assertiveness	Feeling unable to question, express disagreement, communicate with figures of authority, and/or handle criticism can result in significant ideas not being shared and discussed.	Situations in the RPG scenario necessitate that player characters demonstrate assertiveness to effectively solve problems.	Subjects feel more empowered to share their ideas and opinions
Empathy	Failure to understand and empathize with the feelings of others can adversely affect relationships between colleagues, medical staff, and patients.	The feelings of both the players and their player characters, as well as the NPCs created by The Guide, are deliberated upon during the debriefing.	Subjects make a more conscious effort to assess the feelings of others
Group management	Tasks are not properly completed due to the staff’s inability to effectively coordinate the group and delegate tasks	Each character class serves a distinct function, and it is essential for the group to understand each one’s role in order to achieve a positive outcome.	The group acknowledges their strengths and weaknesses, delegates tasks, and manages goals effectively.