TABLE 1-A1.
Estimates of fixed effects model 1, 2 and 3.
| Parameters | Regression coefficient | 95% CI | P * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | |||
| Model 1 | 17.9 | 15.8 – 20.1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 18.0 | 15.9 – 20.1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 17.8 | 15.6 – 19.9 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | |||
| Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.2 | 0.0 – 0.4 | 0.078 |
| Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.9 | 0.6 – 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 36 months | 1.0 | 0.8 – 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 48 months | 1.2 | 0.9 – 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | |||
| Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.2 | 0.0 – 0.4 | 0.102 |
| Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.9 | 0.6 – 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 36 months | 1.0 | 0.8 – 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 48 months | 1.2 | 0.8 – 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | |||
| Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.2 | 0.0 – 0.4 | 0.132 |
| Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.8 | 0.6 – 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 36 months | 1.0 | 0.8 – 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Time (cat) at 48 months | 1.2 | 0.8 – 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | |||
| PLWH on ART | −1.8 | −2.3 – −1.2 | < 0.001 |
| PLWH not on ART | −1.2 | −1.8 – −0.6 | < 0.001 |
| HIV-negative | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| PLWH, VL < 1000 | −1.4 | −1.9 – −0.8 | < 0.001 |
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000 | −1.2 | −1.8 – −0.6 | < 0.001 |
| HIV-negative | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| PLWH on stable ART | −1.7 | −2.6 – −0.8 | < 0.001 |
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance | −1.1 | −2.2 – 0.0 | 0.056 |
| PLWH, treatment naïve | −1.9 | −3.1 – −0.7 | 0.002 |
| Seroconverters | 1.5 | −0.4 – 3.4 | 0.126 |
| HIV-negative | REF | - | |
| Gender | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| Female | 4.0 | 3.3 – 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Female | 3.9 | 3.3 – 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Female | 4.0 | 3.3 – 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male | REF | - | - |
| Income per month categorised | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| > 922 ZAR | 0.4 | −0.3 – 1.0 | 0.242 |
| 648–992 ZAR | 0.4 | −0.7 – 1.4 | 0.499 |
| < 648 ZAR | REF | - | |
| Model 2 | |||
| > 922 ZAR | 0.3 | −0.3 – 1.0 | 0.292 |
| 648–992 ZAR | 0.3 | −0.7 – 1.4 | 0.512 |
| < 648 ZAR | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| > 922.00 ZAR | 0.4 | −0.2 – 1.1 | 0.183 |
| 648.00–992.00 ZAR | 0.4 | −0.7 – 1.4 | 0.496 |
| < 648.00 ZAR | REF | - | - |
| Education categorised | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| Primary | 0.7 | −0.7 – 2.2 | 0.330 |
| Secondary & matric | 1.4 | −0.1 – 2.9 | 0.059 |
| College & university | 2.0 | 0.3 – 3.8 | 0.024 |
| None | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Primary | 0.7 | −0.8 – 2.2 | 0.367 |
| Secondary & matric | 1.3 | −0.1 – 2.8 | 0.075 |
| College & university | 2.0 | 0.2 – 3.8 | 0.025 |
| None | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Primary | 0.7 | −0.8 – 2.2 | 0.359 |
| Secondary & matric | 1.3 | −0.2 – 2.8 | 0.081 |
| College & university | 1.9 | 0.2 – 3.7 | 0.031 |
| None | REF | - | - |
| Currently smoking | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| Yes | −2.1 | −2.8 – −1.4 | < 0.001 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Yes | −2.1 | −2.8 – −1.4 | < 0.001 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Yes | −2.1 | −2.8 – −1.4 | < 0.001 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| IPAQ categorised | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| High | −0.6 | −1.4 – 0.1 | 0.116 |
| Moderate | −0.7 | −1.4 – 0.1 | 0.035 |
| Low | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| High | −0.6 | −1.3 – 0.2 | 0.130 |
| Moderate | −0.7 | −1.4 – 0.1 | 0.037 |
| Low | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| High | −0.5 | −1.3 – 0.2 | 0.179 |
| Moderate | −0.7 | −1.3 – 0.0 | 0.049 |
| Low | REF | - | - |
| Relationship status | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.5 | −0.1 – 1.1 | 0.096 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Yes | 0.5 | −0.1 – 1.0 | 0.101 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Yes | 0.4 | −0.1 – 1.0 | 0.138 |
| No | REF | - | - |
| Diet | |||
| Model 1 | |||
| Good | 1.9 | 0.6 – 3.2 | 0.004 |
| Intermediate | 0.1 | −0.5 – 0.7 | 0.704 |
| Poor | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Good | 2.0 | 0.7 – 3.4 | 0.003 |
| Intermediate | 0.1 | −0.5 – 0.7 | 0.775 |
| Poor | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Good | 2.1 | 0.8 – 3.5 | 0.002 |
| Intermediate | 0.2 | −0.4 – 0.7 | 0.608 |
| Poor | REF | - | - |
| Age | |||
| Model 1 | 0.1 | 0.08 – 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.1 | 0.082 – 0.136 | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.1 | 0.08 – 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Time on ART at baseline | |||
| Model 1 | −0.01 | −0.02 – −0.002 | 0.010 |
| Model 2 | −0.01 | −0.02 – −0.006 | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | −0.01 | −0.02 – −0.001 | 0.024 |
| Model 1 | |||
| PLWH on ART*Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.3 | 0.1 – 0.6 | 0.010 |
| PLWH on ART*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.2 | −0.1 – 0.4 | 0.297 |
| PLWH on ART*Time (cat) at 36 months | −0.1 | −0.4 – 0.2 | 0.608 |
| PLWH on ART*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.0 | −0.5 – 0.4 | 0.908 |
| PLWH on ART* Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| PLWH, VL < 1000*Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.3 | 0.1 – 0.6 | 0.012 |
| PLWH, VL < 1000*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.2 | −0.1 – 0.4 | 0.303 |
| PLWH, VL < 1000*Time (cat) at 36 months | −0.1 | −0.5 – 0.2 | 0.382 |
| PLWH, VL < 1000*Time (cat) at 48 months | −0.3 | −0.7 – 0.2 | 0.266 |
| PLWH, VL < 1000* Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| PLWH on stable ART *Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.4 | 0.2 – 0.7 | 0.001 |
| PLWH on stable ART*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.3 | 0.0 – 0.6 | 0.066 |
| PLWH on stable ART*Time (cat) at 36 months | 0.0 | −0.3 – 0.4 | 0.798 |
| PLWH on stable ART*Time (cat) at 48 months | −0.1 | −0.6 – 0.5 | 0.787 |
| PLWH on stable ART* Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| PLWH, initiating treatment*Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.5 | 0.1 – 1.0 | 0.030 |
| PLWH, initiating treatment*Time (cat) at 24 months | −0.1 | −0.6 – 0.5 | 0.788 |
| PLWH, initiating treatment*Time (cat) at 36 months | −0.3 | −0.9 – 0.3 | 0.334 |
| PLWH, initiating treatment*Time (cat) at 48 months | −0.7 | −1.6 – 0.1 | 0.097 |
| PLWH, initiating treatment*Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Seroconverters *Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.1 | −0.7 – 0.9 | 0.836 |
| Seroconverters *Time (cat) at 24 months | −0.2 | −1.0 – 0.7 | 0.726 |
| Seroconverters *Time (cat) at 36 months | −0.6 | −1.6 – 0.4 | 0.261 |
| Seroconverters *Time (cat) at 48 months | −0.9 | −2.2 – 0.4 | 0.163 |
| Seroconverters *Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | |
| Model 1 | |||
| PLWH not ART*Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.3 | −0.3 – 0.8 | 0.361 |
| PLWH not ART*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.2 | −0.5 – 0.9 | 0.580 |
| PLWH not ART*Time (cat) at 36 months | 0.6 | −0.3 – 1.5 | 0.226 |
| PLWH not ART*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.2 | −1.4 – 1.8 | 0.799 |
| PLWH not ART*Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000*Time (cat) at 12 months | −0.4 | −0.9 – 0.1 | 0.090 |
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000*Time (cat) at 24 months | −0.4 | −1.0 – 0.2 | 0.167 |
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000*Time (cat) at 36 months | −0.3 | −1.0 – 0.3 | 0.308 |
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.3 | −0.7– 1.3 | 0.605 |
| PLWH, VL ≥ 1000*Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance *Time (cat) at 12 months | 0.7 | −1.2 – −0.3 | 0.001 |
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance *Time (cat) at 24 months | −0.5 | −1.0 – 0.0 | 0.069 |
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance *Time (cat) at 36 months | −1.0 | −1.5 – −0.4 | 0.001 |
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance *Time (cat) at 48 months | −0.5 | −1.3 – 0.3 | 0.229 |
| PLWH either ART non-adherence or therapy resistance *Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Model 1, Model 2, Model 3 | |||
| HIV-negative*Time (cat) at any month | REF | - | - |
| Model 1 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | −0.4 | −0.6 – −0.1 | 0.003 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | −0.3 | −0.6 – −0.1 | 0.006 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | −0.3 | −0.6 – −0.1 | 0.006 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 12 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 1 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.1 | −0.2 – 0.4 | 0.408 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.1 | −0.1 – 0.4 | 0.350 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | 0.1 | −0.1 – 0.4 | 0.345 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 24 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 1 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | 0.5 (-0.2 – 0.8) | - | 0.001 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | 0.5 (0.2– 0.8) | - | 0.001 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | 0.5 (0.2 – 0.8) | - | 0.001 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 36 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 1 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.5 (0.0– 0.9) | - | 0.042 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 2 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.5 (0.1– 0.9) | - | 0.025 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 3 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | 0.5 (0.0 – 0.9) | - | 0.037 |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at 48 months | REF | - | - |
| Model 1, Model 2, Model 3 | |||
| Female sex*Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
| Male sex*Time (cat) at baseline visit | REF | - | - |
CI, confidence interval; PLWH, people living with HIV; REF, reference; Cat, categorical; ART, antiretroviral therapy; ZAR, South African Rand; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
*
, Statistical significance was considered < 0.05.