Table 1. Summary and Comparison of Baseline Characteristics by Initiation Procedure.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation procedure | Total (N = 415) | |||
| Standard (n = 190) | Rapid (n = 225) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 35.1 (9.09) | 32.2 (7.69) | 33.6 (8.48) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 113 (59.5) | 92 (40.9) | 205 (49.4) | <.001 |
| Female | 77 (40.5) | 133 (59.1) | 210 (50.6) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male gender | 101 (53.2) | 86 (38.2) | 187 (45.1) | <.001b |
| Female gender | 64 (33.7) | 118 (52.4) | 182 (43.9) | |
| Transgender/nonbinary | 2 (1.1) | 0 | 2 (0.5) | |
| Heterosexual orientation or straight | 146 (76.8) | 173 (76.9) | 319 (76.9) | .52 |
| Hispanic or Latino ethnicity | 38 (20.0) | 53 (23.6) | 91 (21.9) | .46 |
| Race | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 4 (2.1) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (1.2) | .01b |
| Asian | 4 (2.1) | 2 (0.9) | 6 (1.4) | |
| Black or African American | 28 (14.7) | 26 (11.6) | 54 (13.0) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | |
| White | 115 (60.5) | 175 (77.8) | 290 (69.9) | |
| Multiracial | 16 (8.4) | 6 (2.7) | 22 (5.3) | |
| Education completed | ||||
| Less than high school | 39 (20.5) | 49 (21.8) | 88 (21.2) | .56 |
| High school graduate/GED | 82 (43.2) | 103 (45.8) | 185 (44.6) | |
| Greater than high school | 67 (35.3) | 67 (29.8) | 134 (32.3) | |
| Unemployed/looking for work | 121 (63.7) | 140 (62.2) | 261 (62.9) | .76 |
| Married/living with partner | 31 (16.3) | 44 (19.6) | 75 (18.1) | .34 |
| Spent the night before admission in an apartment or house | 122 (64.2) | 152 (67.6) | 274 (66.0) | .17 |
| Under criminal justice supervision | 20 (10.5) | 38 (16.9) | 58 (14.0) | .06 |
| Has health insurance | 122 (64.2) | 85 (37.8) | 207 (49.9) | <.001 |
| Substance use history | ||||
| Fentanyl-positive at baseline toxicology screening | 123 (64.7) | 140 (62.2) | 263 (63.4) | .60 |
| TLFB substance use at baseline (at least once in the past 30 d) | ||||
| Heavy alcohol use (females: ≥3; males: ≥4 drinks/d) | 36 (18.9) | 39 (17.3) | 75 (18.1) | .74 |
| Heroin/fentanyl | 141 (74.2) | 155 (68.9) | 296 (71.3) | .29 |
| Opioid analgesics | 45 (23.7) | 47 (20.9) | 92 (22.2) | .56 |
| Buprenorphine | 25 (13.2) | 16 (7.1) | 41 (9.9) | .05 |
| Methadone | 11 (5.8) | 3 (1.3) | 14 (3.4) | .01 |
| No opioids (heroin/fentanyl, opioid analgesics, buprenorphine, methadone)c | 2 (1.1) | 8 (3.6) | 10 (2.4) | .11d |
| Methamphetamine | 60 (31.6) | 73 (32.4) | 133 (32.0) | .73 |
| Other amphetamine | 9 (4.7) | 10 (4.4) | 19 (4.6) | .92 |
| Cocaine | 70 (36.8) | 61 (27.1) | 131 (31.6) | .04 |
| Benzodiazepines | 28 (14.7) | 64 (28.4) | 92 (22.2) | <.001 |
| Cannabis | 95 (50.0) | 114 (50.7) | 209 (50.4) | .71 |
| Ecstasy (MDMA) | 18 (9.5) | 6 (2.7) | 24 (5.8) | .004 |
| Route of last heroin/fentanyl use from TLFB | ||||
| Oral | 3 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.0) | 0.03b |
| Nasal | 54 (28.4) | 66 (29.3) | 120 (28.9) | |
| Smoking | 25 (13.2) | 12 (5.3) | 37 (8.9) | |
| Injection | 56 (29.5) | 73 (32.4) | 129 (31.1) | |
| History of lifetime opioid overdosee | 89 (46.8) | 111 (49.3) | 200 (48.2) | |
| No. of lifetime overdoses, mean (SD) | 4.5 (6.92) | 4.1 (4.59) | 4.3 (5.73) | .64 |
| History of taking medication to treat opioid use disorder (any medication) | 101 (53.2) | 117 (52.0) | 218 (52.5) | .81 |
| History of XR-naltrexone monthly injection | 26 (13.7) | 25 (11.1) | 51 (12.3) | .43 |
| History of opioid detoxification attempts | 149 (78.4) | 166 (73.8) | 315 (75.9) | .27 |
| No. of attempts, mean (SD) | 4.6 (8.89) | 3.7 (6.75) | 4.1 (7.80) | .29 |
| Substance use disorder diagnosis | ||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 67 (35.3) | 62 (27.6) | 129 (31.1) | .09 |
| Amphetamine use disorder | 65 (34.2) | 85 (37.8) | 150 (36.1) | .45 |
| Cannabis use disorder | 75 (39.5) | 90 (40.0) | 165 (39.8) | .91 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 80 (42.1) | 67 (29.8) | 147 (35.4) | .008 |
| Sedative use disorder | 41 (21.6) | 65 (28.9) | 106 (25.5) | .09 |
| Medical and psychiatric history | ||||
| Hepatitis C | 36 (18.9) | 34 (15.1) | 70 (16.9) | .30 |
| Anxiety or panic disorder | 101 (53.2) | 165 (73.3) | 266 (64.1) | <.001 |
| Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 43 (22.6) | 47 (20.9) | 90 (21.7) | .67 |
| Bipolar disorder | 32 (16.8) | 82 (36.4) | 114 (27.5) | <.001 |
| Major depressive disorder | 73 (38.4) | 84 (37.3) | 157 (37.8) | .82 |
| Schizophrenia/other psychotic disorder | 10 (5.3) | 8 (3.6) | 18 (4.3) | .39 |
| Suicidal ideation | 22 (11.6) | 47 (20.9) | 69 (16.6) | .01 |
| Suicidal behavior | 19 (10.0) | 38 (16.9) | 57 (13.7) | .04 |
| Baseline screening for mental health symptoms | ||||
| ASRS-5 score ≥14 | 53 (27.9) | 83 (36.9) | 136 (32.8) | .05 |
| PCL-5 score ≥31) | 76 (40.0) | 97 (43.1) | 173 (41.7) | .52 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥8) | 103 (54.2) | 145 (64.4) | 248 (59.8) | .03 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10 | 101 (53.2) | 141 (62.7) | 242 (58.3) | .05 |
| Severity of opioid use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | .73e,f |
| Moderate | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | |
| Severe | 187 (98.9) | 223 (99.6) | 410 (99.3) | |
| Severity of alcohol use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 22 (35.5) | 16 (23.9) | 38 (29.5) | .35e |
| Moderate | 6 (9.7) | 7 (10.5) | 13 (10.1) | |
| Severe | 34 (54.8) | 44 (65.7) | 78 (60.5) | |
| Severity of amphetamine use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 20 (23.5) | 14 (21.5) | 34 (22.7) | .73f |
| Moderate | 4 (4.7) | 5 (7.7) | 9 (6.0) | |
| Severe | 61 (71.8) | 46 (70.7) | 107 (71.3) | |
| Severity of cannabis use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 42 (46.7) | 29 (38.7) | 71 (43.0) | .20e |
| Moderate | 13 (14.4) | 19 (25.3) | 32 (19.4) | |
| Severe | 35 (38.9) | 27 (36.0) | 62 (37.6) | |
| Severity of cocaine use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 22 (32.8) | 19 (23.8) | 41 (27.9) | .29e |
| Moderate | 5 (7.5) | 11 (13.8) | 16 (10.9) | |
| Severe | 40 (59.7) | 50 (62.5) | 90 (61.2) | |
| Severity of sedative use disorder | ||||
| Mild | 19 (29.2) | 10 (24.3) | 29 (27.4) | .70e |
| Moderate | 9 (13.9) | 8 (19.5) | 17 (16.0) | |
| Severe | 37 (56.9) | 23 (56.1) | 60 (56.6) | |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASRS-5, Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; GED, general educational development; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; PCL-5, PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; TLFB, timeline follow-back; XR, extended release.
Continuous variables were compared using t test between the 2 treatment groups; categorical variables were compared using χ2 test between the 2 treatment groups. P value was calculated excluding the missing values due to missing, not sure, don’t know, and refused to answer.
Pearson exact χ2 test was used when 20% of cells have expected cell counts less than 5.
All participants met criteria for opioid use disorder, but some denied recent use on TLFB.
Fisher exact test was used when 20% of cells have expected cell counts less than 5.
One participant in the standard procedure group had a history of lifetime opioid overdose but did not provide the number of lifetime overdoses.
For comparing severity of substance use disorder, P values were calculated by removing the participants who were classified as none.