FIGURE 1—

Adjusted Annual Traffic-Related Injury Rate Among Medicaid Enrollees in New York City (NYC) vs Surrounding Counties: 2009–2021

Note. Rates are adjusted for individual age, race/ethnicity, and gender in a Poisson model with an offset term for enrolled months. The counterfactual line is estimated from the difference-in-differences (DID) regression model described in the Statistical Analyses section: in the absence of Vision Zero, injury rates in NYC would be expected to be 77.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 57.6, 97.4) injuries per 100 000 person-years higher than the observed rate. If the pandemic period is included in the DID estimation model, the counterfactual rate would be 62.5 (95% CI = 42.2, 82.8) injuries per 100 000 person-years higher than the observed rate.